Importance: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a common neuro-inflammatory disorder caused by a combination of environmental exposures and genetic risk factors. Interaction between environmental and genetic factors may impact on MS risk. Objective: To determine whether genetic risk modifies the effect of environmental MS risk factors. Design and setting: Retrospective case-control study using data from a longitudinal cohort (UK Biobank). Participants: People with MS (pwMS; 72.7% female, mean age=55.2, SD=7.64, median age at diagnosis=41.06) were identified using ICD10-coded MS or self-report. The remainder of the cohort was used as controls. For interaction, only people with white British ancestry were included. Exposure(s): Confounders: age, sex, Townsend deprivation index at recruitment, self-reported ethnicity, birth latitude. Exposures: age at puberty, age at first sexual intercourse, birth weight, breastfeeding, exposure to maternal smoking, month of birth, smoking status, body size aged 10, and self-reported Infectious Mononucleosis. Genetic exposures were HLA-DRB1*15, HLA-A*02, and an autosomal non-HLA genetic risk score. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Associations with MS risk were quantified using odds ratios from multivariable logistic regression. Interaction between environmental and genetic risk factors was quantified using the Attributable Proportion due to interaction (AP). Departure from additivity refers to the risk of an outcome which exceeds the risk expected from adding individual excess risks (risk differences) together. Model fits were quantified using Nagelkerkes pseudo-R2 metric. Results: Phenotype data were available for 2151 pwMS and 486,125 controls. Exposures associated with MS risk were childhood obesity (OR=1.39, 95%CI 1.22-1.58), smoking (OR=1.19, 95%CI 1.07-1.33), earlier menarche 0.95, 95%CI 0.92-0.98), HLA-DRB1*15 (ORHomozygote 5.05, 95%CI 4.22-6.05) and lack of the HLA-A*02allele (ORHomozygote=0.57, 95%CI 0.46-0.70). The autosomal polygenic risk score (PRS) was associated with MS disease status (ORTop-vs-bottom-decile=3.96, 95%CI 3.11-5.04). There was evidence of positive (synergistic) interaction between elevated childhood body size and the PRS (AP 0.11, 95% CI 0.008 to 0.202, p = 0.036), and weaker evidence suggesting a possible interaction between smoking status prior to age 20 and the PRS (AP 0.098, 95% CI -0.013 to 0.194, p = 0.082). Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides novel evidence for an interaction between childhood obesity and a high burden of autosomal genetic risk. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of MS biology, and inform targeted planning of prevention strategies.