We present the high-quality genome sequence of a ∼45,000-year-old modern human male from Siberia. This individual derives from a population that lived before—or simultaneously with—the separation of the populations in western and eastern Eurasia and carries a similar amount of Neanderthal ancestry as present-day Eurasians. However, the genomic segments of Neanderthal ancestry are substantially longer than those observed in present-day individuals, indicating that Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of this individual occurred 7,000–13,000 years before he lived. We estimate an autosomal mutation rate of 0.4 × 10−9 to 0.6 × 10−9 per site per year, a Y chromosomal mutation rate of 0.7 × 10−9 to 0.9 × 10−9 per site per year based on the additional substitutions that have occurred in present-day non-Africans compared to this genome, and a mitochondrial mutation rate of 1.8 × 10−8 to 3.2 × 10−8 per site per year based on the age of the bone. The high-quality genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from Siberia reveals that gene flow from Neanderthals into the ancestors of this individual had already occurred about 7,000 to 13,000 years earlier; genomic comparisons show that he belonged to a population that lived close in time to the separation of populations in east and west Eurasia and that may represent an early modern human radiation out of Africa that has no direct descendants today. A modern human fossil femur found in 2008 on the banks of the river Irtysh near Ust'-Ishim in western Siberia was dated at about 45,000 years old. Janet Kelso and colleagues have now sequenced and analysed the genome from this individual — a male who was alive before, or at about the time of, the separation of the populations in western and eastern Eurasia. Analyses reveal a level of Neanderthal ancestry similar to that found in present-day Eurasians. Based on the length of the genomic segments of Neanderthal ancestry, the flow of Neanderthal genes into the ancestors of this individual occurred between 7,000 and 13,000 years before he lived. Previous estimates of the timing of interbreeding between modern humans and Neanderthals range from 37,000 and 86,000 years ago, but this study suggests that it occurred approximately 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, coinciding with the expansion of modern humans into Europe, and possibly Asia.