Abstract Background Improved diagnostic testing (DT) of infections may optimize outcomes for solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR), but a comprehensive analysis is lacking. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) across multiple databases, including EMBASE and MEDLINE(R), of studies published between January 1, 2012–June 11, 2022, to examine the evidence behind DT in SOTR. Eligibility criteria included the use of conventional diagnostic methods (culture, biomarkers, directed-PCR) or advanced molecular diagnostics (broad-range PCR, metagenomics) to diagnose infections in hospitalized SOTR. Bias was assessed using tools such as the Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA 2020. Results Of 2,362 studies, 72 were eligible and evaluated heterogeneous SOT populations, infections, biospecimens, DT, and outcomes. All studies exhibited bias, mainly in reporting quality. Median study sample size was 102 (range 11–1,307). Culture was the most common DT studied (N=45 studies, 62.5%), with positive results in a median of 27.7% (range 0–88.3%). Biomarkers, PCR, and metagenomics were evaluated in 7, 19, and 3 studies, respectively; only 6 reported sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values. Directed-PCR performed well for targeted pathogens, but only 1 study evaluated broad-range PCR. Metagenomics approaches detected numerous organisms but required clinical adjudication, with too few studies (N=3) to draw conclusions. Turnaround time was shorter for PCR/metagenomics than conventional diagnostic methods (N=4 studies, 5.6%). Only 6 studies reported the impact of DT on outcomes like antimicrobial use and length of stay. Conclusion We identified considerable evidence gaps in infection-related DT among SOT, particularly molecular DT, highlighting the need for further research.