Activity in regions of the brain have been correlated with decision making but determining whether such relationships are correlative or causative has been challenging; using a technique to reversibly inactivate brain areas in monkeys reveals that although there is decision-related activity in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area, LIP is not critical for the perceptual decisions studied here. Activity in 'area LIP', the lateral intraparietal cortex of the brain, has long been associated with evidence accumulation in sensory decision-making tasks, but a causal role in decision-making has never been established. Leor Katz et al. confirmed that choice-related activity occurs in area LIP and motion-stimulus-related activity in area MT (middle temporal) in rhesus monkeys performing a challenging motion discrimination task. Surprisingly, inactivation in LIP did not impair decision-making, but inactivation of neurons in area MT did. LIP inactivation did influence behaviour in a free-choice task. These findings point to a dissociation between decision-related activity in LIP and the causal role of such activity in decision-making, and indicate that recordings from area LIP in monkeys do not necessarily provide insight into computations involved in decision-making. During decision making, neurons in multiple brain regions exhibit responses that are correlated with decisions1,2,3,4,5,6. However, it remains uncertain whether or not various forms of decision-related activity are causally related to decision making7,8,9. Here we address this question by recording and reversibly inactivating the lateral intraparietal (LIP) and middle temporal (MT) areas of rhesus macaques performing a motion direction discrimination task. Neurons in area LIP exhibited firing rate patterns that directly resembled the evidence accumulation process posited to govern decision making2,10, with strong correlations between their response fluctuations and the animal’s choices. Neurons in area MT, in contrast, exhibited weak correlations between their response fluctuations and choices, and had firing rate patterns consistent with their sensory role in motion encoding1. The behavioural impact of pharmacological inactivation of each area was inversely related to their degree of decision-related activity: while inactivation of neurons in MT profoundly impaired psychophysical performance, inactivation in LIP had no measurable impact on decision-making performance, despite having silenced the very clusters that exhibited strong decision-related activity. Although LIP inactivation did not impair psychophysical behaviour, it did influence spatial selection and oculomotor metrics in a free-choice control task. The absence of an effect on perceptual decision making was stable over trials and sessions and was robust to changes in stimulus type and task geometry, arguing against several forms of compensation. Thus, decision-related signals in LIP do not appear to be critical for computing perceptual decisions, and may instead reflect secondary processes. Our findings highlight a dissociation between decision correlation and causation, showing that strong neuron-decision correlations do not necessarily offer direct access to the neural computations underlying decisions.