Resveratrol, a small molecule found in red wine, is reported to slow aging in simple eukaryotes and has been suggested as a potential calorie restriction mimetic. Resveratrol has also been reported to act as a sirtuin activator, and this property has been proposed to account for its anti-aging effects. We show here that resveratrol is a substrate-specific activator of yeast Sir2 and human SirT1. In particular, we observed that, in vitro, resveratrol enhances binding and deacetylation of peptide substrates that contain Fluor de Lys, a non-physiological fluorescent moiety, but has no effect on binding and deacetylation of acetylated peptides lacking the fluorophore. Consistent with these biochemical data we found that in three different yeast strain backgrounds, resveratrol has no detectable effect on Sir2 activity in vivo, as measured by rDNA recombination, transcriptional silencing near telomeres, and life span. In light of these findings, the mechanism accounting for putative longevity effects of resveratrol should be reexamined. Resveratrol, a small molecule found in red wine, is reported to slow aging in simple eukaryotes and has been suggested as a potential calorie restriction mimetic. Resveratrol has also been reported to act as a sirtuin activator, and this property has been proposed to account for its anti-aging effects. We show here that resveratrol is a substrate-specific activator of yeast Sir2 and human SirT1. In particular, we observed that, in vitro, resveratrol enhances binding and deacetylation of peptide substrates that contain Fluor de Lys, a non-physiological fluorescent moiety, but has no effect on binding and deacetylation of acetylated peptides lacking the fluorophore. Consistent with these biochemical data we found that in three different yeast strain backgrounds, resveratrol has no detectable effect on Sir2 activity in vivo, as measured by rDNA recombination, transcriptional silencing near telomeres, and life span. In light of these findings, the mechanism accounting for putative longevity effects of resveratrol should be reexamined. Sir2-family proteins (sirtuins) are Class III protein deacetylases conserved from prokaryotes to mammals (1Buck S.W. Gallo C.M. Smith J.S. J. Leukocyte Biol. 2004; 75: 939-950Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar, 2Blander G. Guarente L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2004; 73: 417-435Crossref PubMed Scopus (1306) Google Scholar). Sirtuins have been implicated in several important cellular processes, including genomic stability (3Gottlieb S. Esposito R.E. Cell. 1989; 56: 771-776Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (462) Google Scholar, 4Kaeberlein M. McVey M. Guarente L. 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In addition to nicotinamide, several specific inhibitors of Sir2 have been described, including splitomicin (28Bedalov A. Gatbonton T. Irvine W.P. Gottschling D.E. Simon J.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 15113-15118Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar), splitomicin analogues (29Hirao M. Posakony J. Nelson M. Hruby H. Jung M. Simon J.A. Bedalov A. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52773-52782Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 30Posakony J. Hirao M. Stevens S. Simon J.A. Bedalov A. J. Med. Chem. 2004; 47: 2635-2644Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar), sirtinol (31Grozinger C.M. Chao E.D. Blackwell H.E. Moazed D. Schreiber S.L. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 38837-38843Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (477) Google Scholar), and several highly potent and selective inhibitors of SirT1 uncovered by high throughput screening (32.Hixon, J., McDonagh, T., Curtis, R., DiStefano, P. S., Napper, A., Hesterkamp, T., Thomas, R., Keavey, K., and Pons, J. (2004) Society for Biomolecular Screening 10th Annual Meeting, Orlando, September 11–15, 2004, Abstr. 10045, Society for Biomolecular Screening, Orlando, FLGoogle Scholar). Sir2 inhibitors are effective at blocking Sir2-dependent transcriptional repression in vivo, although the effect on life span has not been examined. Activators of sirtuins have also been sought, with limited success. One report (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar) describes several polyphenolic compounds that increase the catalytic activity of human SirT1. Of these, resveratrol, an agent found in red wine, increased deacetylation of a modified p53 peptide substrate ∼13-fold for SirT1 and 2-fold for yeast Sir2 (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar). The ability of resveratrol to activate Sir2 in vivo has been examined by growing yeast cells in the presence of 10–500 μm concentration of this compound (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar). This treatment is reported to increase life span by up to 100% in the PSY316 strain background and reduce rDNA recombination by 5-fold in the W303 strain background. These phenotypes were attributed to presumed activation of Sir2 by resveratrol. Paradoxically, however, no effect on Sir2-dependent transcriptional silencing at telomeres or rDNA was observed in response to resveratrol (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar). More recently, resveratrol has also been reported to modestly increase life span in both flies and worms in the presence, but not in the absence, of the Sir2 orthologs dSir2 and Sir-2.1 (34Wood J.G. Rogina B. Lavu S. Howitz K. Helfand S.L. Tatar M. Sinclair D. Nature. 2004; 430: 686-689Crossref PubMed Scopus (1579) Google Scholar). Calorie restriction is the only intervention known to increase life span in yeast, worms, flies, and mammals (35Kaeberlein M. Kennedy B.K. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005; 126: 17-21Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar), and resveratrol has been proposed to be a potential CR 1The abbreviations used are: CR, calorie restriction; FdL, Fluor de Lys. mimetic (36Lamming D.W. Wood J.G. Sinclair D.A. Mol. Microbiol. 2004; 53: 1003-1009Crossref PubMed Scopus (200) Google Scholar). The mechanism by which CR increases replicative life span in yeast had been thought to require activation of Sir2 (37Lin S.J. Kaeberlein M. Andalis A.A. Sturtz L.A. Defossez P.A. Culotta V.C. Fink G.R. Guarente L. Nature. 2002; 418: 344-348Crossref PubMed Scopus (863) Google Scholar, 38Lin S.J. Defossez P.A. Guarente L. Science. 2000; 289: 2126-2128Crossref PubMed Scopus (1481) Google Scholar); however, it was recently discovered that life span extension by CR is independent of Sir2, as long as extrachromosomal rDNA circle levels are kept low (39Kaeberlein M. Kirkland K.T. Fields S. Kennedy B.K. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2: E296Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar). Because the molecular mechanism by which CR increases life span in yeast remains unknown, we wished to determine whether resveratrol was involved in this process. Here we describe the results of experiments carried out in three different strain backgrounds to test the in vivo efficacy of resveratrol as an activator of yeast Sir2. We also report biochemical data demonstrating that resveratrol is a substrate-specific activator of Sir2 orthologs. Strains and Media—Three yeast strain backgrounds were employed in this analysis: W303R, BY4742, and PSY316. W303R is as described (4Kaeberlein M. McVey M. Guarente L. Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 2570-2580Crossref PubMed Scopus (1765) Google Scholar). BY4742 was obtained from Research Genetics and is as described (39Kaeberlein M. Kirkland K.T. Fields S. Kennedy B.K. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2: E296Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar). Three variants of PSY316 were used for this analysis: PSY316AR, PSY316AT, and PSY316AUT. PSY316AR is as described (38Lin S.J. Defossez P.A. Guarente L. Science. 2000; 289: 2126-2128Crossref PubMed Scopus (1481) Google Scholar) and contains the ADE2 gene integrated into an rDNA repeat. PSY316AT has ADE2 integrated near a telomere and was generously provided by D. Sinclair (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar). PSY316AUT has both URA3 and ADE2 integrated near the telomeres. Strains overexpressing SIR2 were constructed by genomic integration of an extra copy of SIR2 at the LEU2 locus, as described (4Kaeberlein M. McVey M. Guarente L. Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 2570-2580Crossref PubMed Scopus (1765) Google Scholar). Strains lacking SIR2 were created by replacing the SIR2 open reading frame with HIS3 using a PCR-generated disruption construct, as described (39Kaeberlein M. Kirkland K.T. Fields S. Kennedy B.K. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2: E296Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar). Resveratrol—Resveratrol was purchased from Biomol Research Laboratories, Inc. or Sigma Inc., as noted. For all in vivo experiments in yeast, resveratrol was dissolved at a concentration of 100 mg/ml in ethanol and stored at –20 °C. Me2SO was tested as a solvent for yeast life span experiments in BY4742 and PSY316AR, with no significant difference from ethanol observed (not shown). The SIRT1 fluorescent activity assay/drug discovery kit was purchased from Biomol Research Laboratories, Inc. and used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Telomere Silencing and rDNA Recombination—Transcriptional silencing of the ADE2 marker in PSY316AT was monitored by streaking or patching cells on YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% glucose). Low levels of ADE2 expression result in enhanced color formation. Transcriptional silencing of the URA3 marker in PSY316AUT was determined by survival on medium supplemented with 5-fluoroorotic acid, which is toxic to cells expressing URA3 (40Boeke J.D. LaCroute F. Fink G.R. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1984; 197: 345-346Crossref PubMed Scopus (1705) Google Scholar). Cells were cultured in liquid YPD or YPD supplemented with 100 μm resveratrol overnight, diluted to an appropriate density in water, and plated onto synthetic complete (SC) or 5-fluoroorotic acid media, containing or lacking resveratrol, as noted. Percent survival was calculated as the number of colonies arising on 5-fluoroorotic acid medium divided by the number of colonies arising on SC medium. Recombination in the rDNA of strain W303R was estimated by determining the rate at which the ADE2 marker gene is lost from the rDNA array. This was accomplished by growing cells overnight in YPD or YPD supplemented with 100 μm resveratrol, plating the cells onto YPD or YPD supplemented with 100 μm resveratrol, and counting the number of half-red/half-white colonies that arose, which indicates loss of the ADE2 marker during the first cell division after plating. The rate of rDNA marker loss is calculated as the number of half-red/half-white colonies divided by the total number of colonies formed (4Kaeberlein M. McVey M. Guarente L. Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 2570-2580Crossref PubMed Scopus (1765) Google Scholar). Yeast Life Span Assays—Yeast life span analysis was carried out as described (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar), with the exception that strains were coded such that the researcher performing the life span experiment did not know the identity of the strains being analyzed. Resveratrol and control medium were prepared the night prior to starting each experiment. Cells were grown in the presence of compound overnight (∼12 h), prior to micromanipulation of virgin cells for life span analysis. For the experiment in Fig. 3D, a slightly modified protocol was used in which the resveratrol stock solution and media were prepared using only glass containers. p values for life span assays were generated by a Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test. Statistical significance was determined with a p value cutoff of 0.05. [3H]Acetate Release Assays—The histone deacetylase assay was performed using bacterially expressed and purified GST fusion proteins as previously described (28Bedalov A. Gatbonton T. Irvine W.P. Gottschling D.E. Simon J.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 15113-15118Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar). For deacetylation assays chemically acetylated [3H]acetyl-H4 peptide was incubated with or without 500 μm NAD+, 0.1 μg of GST-enzyme in a buffer containing 150 mm NAD, 50 mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1 mm dithiothreitol, 2.5% glycerol, and 0.5% Me2SO. After 3 h of incubation at 37 °C the reaction was quenched by addition of 5 μl of 1 n HCl with 0.15 n acetic acid. Released [3H]acetic acid was extracted with 400 μl of ethyl acetate and counted in 5 ml of scintillation fluid. [14C]Nicotinamide Release Assays—SirT1 activity was also measured by monitoring [14C]nicotinamide release as described (41McDonagh T. Hixon J. DiStefano P.S. Curtis R. Napper A. Methods. 2005; (in press)PubMed Google Scholar). Deacetylase reactions were carried out in a total volume of 16 μl containing 25 mm Tris acetate (pH 7.5), 250 mm sodium acetate, 2.7 mm potassium acetate, 1 mm magnesium chloride, 0.05% Tween 20 (v/v), and 65 ng of bacterially expressed His-tagged human SIRT1 enzyme. NAD+, [carbonyl-14C]NAD+, and peptide substrate were included at concentrations described in the figure legends. The reactions were initiated by the addition of enzyme. The p53-peptide is a partial human p53 sequence comprised of residues His-368 through Lys-386 with an acetylated lysine at position 382 (BIOSOURCE International, NH2-HLKSKKGQSTSRHK(K-Ac) LMFK-OH) resuspended in water to a concentration of 10 mm and stored at –20 °C. The H4 peptide was obtained from Upstate Cell Signaling Solutions (SGRGKGGKGLGKGGA(K-Ac)-RHRC), Catalog number 12-346. Fluor de Lys substrates were obtained from Biomol Research Laboratories, Inc. Resveratrol was prepared in Me2SO and added to a final concentration ranging from 0.1 to 200 μm. The Me2SO concentration in each reaction was <2% to avoid enzyme inactivation. Released [14C]nicotinamide product was isolated using filtration-based chromatography with boronate resin (Pierce) and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. Raw data were analyzed using non-linear regression with GraphPad Prism 4.02. Sir2-independent life span extension by CR has been observed in the long-lived BY4742 strain background; however, the majority of reports examining CR in yeast have used the shorter lived PSY316 strain background (39Kaeberlein M. Kirkland K.T. Fields S. Kennedy B.K. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2: E296Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar). CR by growth on low glucose, or by several genetic models, reproducibly increases life span in PSY316 by ∼35% (37Lin S.J. Kaeberlein M. Andalis A.A. Sturtz L.A. Defossez P.A. Culotta V.C. Fink G.R. Guarente L. Nature. 2002; 418: 344-348Crossref PubMed Scopus (863) Google Scholar, 38Lin S.J. Defossez P.A. Guarente L. Science. 2000; 289: 2126-2128Crossref PubMed Scopus (1481) Google Scholar, 42Kaeberlein M. Andalis A.A. Fink G.R. Guarente L. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002; 22: 8056-8066Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 43Kaeberlein M. Andalis A.A. Liszt G.B. Fink G.R. Guarente L. Genetics. 2004; 166: 1661-1672Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar, 44Lin S.J. Ford E. Haigis M. Liszt G. Guarente L. Genes Dev. 2004; 18: 12-16Crossref PubMed Scopus (544) Google Scholar), whereas growth in the presence of 10–100 μm resveratrol is reported to enhance life span by up to 100% in this strain background (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar). We had found that, unlike the case for the BY4742 or W303R strains, overexpression of SIR2 fails to increase life span in PSY316AR (39Kaeberlein M. Kirkland K.T. Fields S. Kennedy B.K. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2: E296Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar). One possible explanation for this apparent discrepancy is that Sir2 activity is not increased in response to elevated SIR2 dosage in PSY316. We therefore used PSY316AT and PSY316AUT variants, with ADE2 or both ADE2 and URA3, respectively, integrated near a telomere, to assess Sir2 activity in response to SIR2 overexpression. PSY316AT and PSY316AUT are congenic to PSY316AR, except for the location of the ADE2 and URA3 marker genes (see “Materials and Methods”). As previously seen for PSY316AR (39Kaeberlein M. Kirkland K.T. Fields S. Kennedy B.K. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2: E296Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar), overexpression of SIR2 had no effect on life span in PSY316AT (Fig. 1A). Sir2-dependent silencing of both the URA3 (Fig. 1B) and ADE2 (Fig. 1C) genes integrated near telomeres was increased, however, indicating that Sir2 activity was elevated in these cells. Therefore, increased Sir2 activity due to overexpression of the protein failed to increase life span in the PSY316 genetic background. Because resveratrol is reported to increase the life span in PSY316AT, but activation of Sir2 does not increase life span in this strain, we speculated that resveratrol might be acting as a CR mimetic and enhancing yeast longevity by a Sir2-independent mechanism. We therefore tested the effect of resveratrol on the life span in BY4742, a strain background in which the longevity effects of CR and Sir2 are separable (39Kaeberlein M. Kirkland K.T. Fields S. Kennedy B.K. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2: E296Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar). At a final concentration of either 10 or 100 μm, resveratrol obtained from Biomol failed to significantly increase either mean or maximum life span (Fig. 2A). Similarly, no effect on life span was observed using a second source of resveratrol obtained from Sigma (Fig. 2B). We were concerned that perhaps the resveratrol used for these experiments had degraded or otherwise lost the ability to activate Sir2. We examined this possibility by using the SIRT1 fluorescent activity assay/drug discovery kit, which utilizes the Fluor de Lys method for determination of in vitro activity of SirT1. Based on results obtained with this assay, we found that the resveratrol from both sources activated SirT1 4–8-fold at a concentration of 100 μm (Fig. 2C). This magnitude of activation is consistent with that previously reported (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar) and is comparable with control resveratrol included with the assay kit. Resveratrol was previously reported to increase life span by up to 100% in the short lived PSY316AT strain (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar). The inability of resveratrol to increase life span in BY4742 suggested that resveratrol might act in a strain-specific manner. To determine the generality of resveratrol as a putative CR mimetic, we tested the effects of resveratrol on life span in W303R, another short lived strain commonly used in yeast aging research. Unlike in PSY316, overexpression of SIR2 is known to increase life span in W303R (4Kaeberlein M. McVey M. Guarente L. Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 2570-2580Crossref PubMed Scopus (1765) Google Scholar). However, similar to our results with BY4742, we were unable to detect any significant increase in either the mean or maximum life span of W303R mother cells in response to resveratrol (Fig. 3A). In contrast to the prior report (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar), we also found that resveratrol had no significant effect on rDNA recombination in W303R (Fig. 3B). Given that we found no longevity effect from resveratrol treatment in either BY4742 or W303R, we wished to reproduce the previously observed (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar) life span extension by resveratrol in PSY316. We observed a marginal increase in life span in response to resveratrol at 10 μm (p = 0.16) in the PSY316AR strain (Fig. 3C); however, the magnitude of the effect was much reduced compared with that seen by Howitz et al. (33Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. Scherer B. Sinclair D.A. Nature. 2003; 425: 191-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (3176) Google Scholar) (12% increase in mean RLS versus 60–100% reported). Similarly, we observed only a slight effect on life span in the PSY316AT strain (7% increase, p = 0.29) (Fig. 3D). Consistent with the prior report (and unlike the case for overexpression of SIR2), we also found that resveratrol has no effect on Sir2-dependent transcriptional silencing in this strain (Fig. 1, B and C). Because we were unable to detect significant phenotypic changes associated with resveratrol in several yeast strain backgrounds (Figs. 1, 2, 3), yet we had verified that the resveratrol used for these experiments was active by the Fluor de Lys (FdL) assay in vitro (Fig. 2C), we wished to further examine the biochemical interaction between sirtuins and resveratrol. The Fluor de Lys assay is a relatively new biochemical method for measuring deacetylation of a chemically modified acetylated peptide substrate coupled to aminomethylcoumarin. Upon deacetylation, the aminomethylcoumarin group is proteolytically cleaved resulting in fluorescence (45Wegener D. Wirsching F. Riester D. Schwienhorst A. Chem. Biol. 2003; 10: 61-68Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar). To further evaluate the properties of resveratrol as a putative sirtuin activator, we utilized a well characterized deacetylation assay in which the acetyl group of histone H4 substrate is radiolabeled with 3H (see Refs. 26Borra M.T. Denu J.M. Methods Enzymol. 2004; 376: 171-187Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar and 46Borra M.T. Langer M.R. Slama J.T. Denu J.M. Biochemistry. 2004; 43: 9877-9887Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar). This assay has been used to measure the relative deacetylase activity of different mutant forms of yeast Sir2, and the level of Sir2 deacetylase activity is known to correlate with silencing in yeast, rDNA recombination, and life span phenotypes (22Armstrong C.M. Kaeberlein M. Imai S.I. Guarente L. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2002; 13: 1427-1438Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar, 28Bedalov A. Gatbonton T. Irvine W.P. Gottschling D.E. Simon J.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 15113-15118Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar). Surprisingly, in this context, we did not find any stimulatory effect of resveratrol on NAD+-dependent [3H]acetate release from the histone H4 substrate using SirT1, SirT2, or Sir2 enzymes (Fig. 4A). Interestingly, although resveratrol had a large stimulatory effect on SirT1 using the Fluor de Lys assay and FdL-p53 substrate, resveratrol failed to activate SirT2 in either assay (Fig. 4B). SirT2 is most closely related to the yeast homolog of Sir2, Hst2. These data suggest that rather than being a general activator of sirtuins, resveratrol specifically stimulates Sir2 orthologs (e.g. yeast Sir2 and human SirT1), and it does so in a substrate-specific manner. These findings suggested a plausible explanation f