Current definitions of cryptic species are inconsistent and can lead to biased estimates of species diversity. Cryptic species are often implied to represent taxa displaying low phenotypic disparity in relation to divergence time, but this relationship is usually not formally quantified. Here we propose a quantitative framework, which provides a formal characterization of the intuitive concept of cryptic species. The proposed framework facilitates understanding of evolutionary processes leading to and resulting from cryptic species and provides a basis for estimates and modeling of occurrences of cryptic species across taxa and environments. The framework fosters a shift from pattern- to process-driven research concerning cryptic species. Cryptic species could represent a substantial fraction of biodiversity. However, inconsistent definitions and taxonomic treatment of cryptic species prevent informed estimates of their contribution to biodiversity and impede our understanding of their evolutionary and ecological significance. We propose a conceptual framework that recognizes cryptic species based on their low levels of phenotypic (morphological) disparity relative to their degree of genetic differentiation and divergence times as compared with non-cryptic species. We discuss how application of a more rigorous definition of cryptic species in taxonomic practice will lead to more accurate estimates of their prevalence in nature, better understanding of their distribution patterns on the tree of life, and increased abilities to resolve the processes underlying their evolution. Cryptic species could represent a substantial fraction of biodiversity. However, inconsistent definitions and taxonomic treatment of cryptic species prevent informed estimates of their contribution to biodiversity and impede our understanding of their evolutionary and ecological significance. We propose a conceptual framework that recognizes cryptic species based on their low levels of phenotypic (morphological) disparity relative to their degree of genetic differentiation and divergence times as compared with non-cryptic species. We discuss how application of a more rigorous definition of cryptic species in taxonomic practice will lead to more accurate estimates of their prevalence in nature, better understanding of their distribution patterns on the tree of life, and increased abilities to resolve the processes underlying their evolution. independent evolution of a derived character state between taxa from different ancestral traits [41Swift H.F. et al.Three routes to crypsis: stasis, convergence, and parallelism in the Mastigias species complex (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae).Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2016; 99: 103-115Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar]. the morphological or phenotypic difference between taxa [60Wills M.A. et al.Morphological disparity: a primer.in: Adrain J.M. Fossils, Phylogeny, and Form: An Analytical Approach. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001: 55-144Crossref Google Scholar]. the last ancestor genetically shared by a group of individuals. independent evolution of a character state in different taxa from a similar and shared ancestral trait [41Swift H.F. et al.Three routes to crypsis: stasis, convergence, and parallelism in the Mastigias species complex (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae).Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2016; 99: 103-115Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar]. research focusing on the detection of biological patterns in empirical data. research focusing on the underlying processes generating observed patterns. retention of the same ancestral character state over an extended period [41Swift H.F. et al.Three routes to crypsis: stasis, convergence, and parallelism in the Mastigias species complex (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae).Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2016; 99: 103-115Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar]. character state of the MRCA present in descendant taxa.