Protein aggregation, in the form of amyloid fibrils, is intimately correlated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Despite recent advances in structural biology, it remains challenging to acquire structural information of proteins in live cells. Tagging with fluorescent proteins, like green fluorescent protein (GFP), is routinely used for protein visualization. Yet, this method alone cannot provide detailed structural information on the protein system of interest, and tagging proteins has the potential to perturb native structure and function. Here, by fluorescence-detected as well as label-free scattering-based mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy, we demonstrate nanoscale mapping of secondary structure of protein aggregates in a yeast model of Huntington9s disease. We first used GFP as a highly sensitive photothermal reporter to validate β-sheet enrichment in huntingtin (htt) protein aggregates. We then obtained label-free structural maps of protein aggregates. Our data showed that the fluorescent protein tag indeed perturbed the secondary structure of the aggregate, evident by a spectral shift. Live cell MIP spectroscopy further revealed the fine spatial distribution of structurally distinct components in protein aggregates, featuring a 246-nm diameter core highly enriched in β-sheet surrounded by a α-helix-rich shell. Interestingly, this structural partition exists only in presence of the [RNQ+] prion, a prion that acts to facilitate the formation of other amyloid prions. Indeed, when htt is induced to aggregate in the absence of this prion ([rnq-] state), it forms non-toxic amyloid aggregates exclusively. These results showcase the potential of MIP for unveiling detailed and subtle structural information on protein systems in live cells.