Abstract Wheat breeding for disease resistance relies on the availability and use of diverse genetic resources. More than 800,000 wheat accessions are globally conserved in gene banks, but they are mostly uncharacterized for the presence of resistance genes and their potential for agriculture. Based on the selective reduction of previously assembled collections for allele mining, we assembled a trait-customized panel of 755 geographically diverse bread wheat accessions with a focus on landraces, called the LandracePLUS panel. Population structure analysis of this panel based on the TaBW35K SNP array revealed an increased genetic diversity compared to high-quality sequenced wheat accessions and 632 landraces of an earlier study. The additional diversity mostly originated from Turkish, Iranian and Pakistani landraces. We characterized the LandracePLUS panel for resistance to ten diverse isolates of the fungal pathogen powdery mildew. Performing genome-wide association studies and dividing the panel further by a targeted sub-setting approach for accessions with unique resistance patterns and distinct geographical origin, we detected several known and already cloned genes, including the Pm2a gene. In addition, we identified 17 putatively novel powdery mildew resistance loci that represent useful sources for resistance breeding and for research on the mildew-wheat pathosystem. Our study shows the value of assembling trait-customized collections and utilizing a diverse range of pathogen races, to detect novel loci that can be integrated in breeding programs. It further highlights the importance of integrating landraces of different geographical origin into future diversity studies. Author Summary Wheat breeding relies on the availability of wheat lines with diverse agricultural traits, based on their genetic differences. While over 800,000 wheat lines are conserved in gene banks, their value for agriculture is mostly not characterized. We assembled a collection of 755 wheat lines that focuses on older wheat lines, which are known to have broader genetic diversity than modern cultivars. Population genetic analysis of this collection showed a broad genetic diversity compared to previous studies on older varieties and wheat reference genomes. Wheat lines from Turkey, Iran and Pakistan were most distinct in this regard. We tested the symptom severity of powdery mildew infections on all wheat plants from this collection. Combining the genomic data with this disease assessment gave insight on the potential geographic origin of previously described resistance genes and revealed 17 associated genomic regions in wheat that contribute to resistance to powdery mildew that have not been described before. These findings provide a valuable resource for future diversity studies and wheat lines to include in the breeding process to achieve mildew resistant cultivars.