Abstract Centrosomes are membrane-less organelles that orchestrate a wide array of biological functions by acting as microtubule organizing centers. Recently, the centrosome has been implicated in caspase-1 activation and inflammasome-driven pyroptosis. Here, we report that caspase-2-driven apoptosis is elicited in blood cells that fail cytokinesis and that extra centrosomes are necessary to trigger this cell death. Activation of caspase-2 depends on the PIDDosome multi-protein complex and priming of PIDD1 at extra centrosomes is critical for this signalling pathway. Accordingly, loss of its centrosomal adapter, ANKRD26, allows for cell survival and unrestricted polyploidization in response to cytokinesis failure. Mechanistically, cell death is initiated upstream of mitochondria and caspase-9 via caspase-2-mediated processing of the proapoptotic BCL2 family protein BID, driving BAX/BAK-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Remarkably, BID-deficient cells enforce apoptosis by engaging a p53-dependent pro-apoptotic transcriptional response initiated by caspase-2. Consistently, MDM2 and BID act as shared caspase-2 substrates that synergize to promote cell killing. Our findings document that the centrosome limits its own unscheduled duplication by the induction of PIDDosome-driven mitochondrial apoptosis to avoid potentially pathogenic polyploidization events.