The crystal structure of NavRh, a NaChBac orthologue from the marine Rickettsiales sp. HIMB114, defines an ion binding site within the selectivity filter, and reveals several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling mechanism. There are many published structures for potassium channels, but structural information on voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels is much more scare, despite their importance in the initiation and propagation of action potentials in nerve cells, muscle cells and in the heart. Bacterial Nav channels provide a good model system for structure–function analyses, and here two groups report the X-ray crystal structure of bacterial Nav channels apparently in 'inactivated' conformations. Nieng Yan and colleagues determined the structure of NavRh from the marine bacterium known as alpha proteobacterium HIMB114 at 3.05-ångström resolution. William Catterall and colleagues report crystallographic snapshots of the NavAb channel from Arcobacter butzleri in two potentially inactivated states at 3.2-ångström resolution. Comparisons of these newly obtained structures with previously published data on NavAb in a 'pre-open' state reveal conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling mechanism of these channels. This work is relevant to channelopathies and more widely to the design of neuroactive drugs. Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels are essential for the rapid depolarization of nerve and muscle1, and are important drug targets2. Determination of the structures of Nav channels will shed light on ion channel mechanisms and facilitate potential clinical applications. A family of bacterial Nav channels, exemplified by the Na+-selective channel of bacteria (NaChBac)3, provides a useful model system for structure–function analysis. Here we report the crystal structure of NavRh, a NaChBac orthologue from the marine alphaproteobacterium HIMB114 (Rickettsiales sp. HIMB114; denoted Rh), at 3.05 Å resolution. The channel comprises an asymmetric tetramer. The carbonyl oxygen atoms of Thr 178 and Leu 179 constitute an inner site within the selectivity filter where a hydrated Ca2+ resides in the crystal structure. The outer mouth of the Na+ selectivity filter, defined by Ser 181 and Glu 183, is closed, as is the activation gate at the intracellular side of the pore. The voltage sensors adopt a depolarized conformation in which all the gating charges are exposed to the extracellular environment. We propose that NavRh is in an ‘inactivated’ conformation. Comparison of NavRh with NavAb4 reveals considerable conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling mechanism of voltage-gated channels.