Article3 May 2013free access Source Data Androgen-responsive long noncoding RNA CTBP1-AS promotes prostate cancer Ken-ichi Takayama Ken-ichi Takayama Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Kuniko Horie-Inoue Kuniko Horie-Inoue Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Shintaro Katayama Shintaro Katayama Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, JapanPresent address: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet & Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden Search for more papers by this author Takashi Suzuki Takashi Suzuki Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Shuichi Tsutsumi Shuichi Tsutsumi Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Kazuhiro Ikeda Kazuhiro Ikeda Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Tomohiko Urano Tomohiko Urano Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Tetsuya Fujimura Tetsuya Fujimura Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Kiyoshi Takagi Kiyoshi Takagi Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Satoru Takahashi Satoru Takahashi Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Yukio Homma Yukio Homma Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Yasuyoshi Ouchi Yasuyoshi Ouchi Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Hiroyuki Aburatani Hiroyuki Aburatani Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Yoshihide Hayashizaki Yoshihide Hayashizaki Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Satoshi Inoue Corresponding Author Satoshi Inoue Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Ken-ichi Takayama Ken-ichi Takayama Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Kuniko Horie-Inoue Kuniko Horie-Inoue Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Shintaro Katayama Shintaro Katayama Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, JapanPresent address: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet & Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden Search for more papers by this author Takashi Suzuki Takashi Suzuki Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Shuichi Tsutsumi Shuichi Tsutsumi Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Kazuhiro Ikeda Kazuhiro Ikeda Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Tomohiko Urano Tomohiko Urano Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Tetsuya Fujimura Tetsuya Fujimura Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Kiyoshi Takagi Kiyoshi Takagi Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Satoru Takahashi Satoru Takahashi Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Yukio Homma Yukio Homma Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Yasuyoshi Ouchi Yasuyoshi Ouchi Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Hiroyuki Aburatani Hiroyuki Aburatani Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for more papers by this author Yoshihide Hayashizaki Yoshihide Hayashizaki Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Satoshi Inoue Corresponding Author Satoshi Inoue Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Author Information Ken-ichi Takayama1,2,3, Kuniko Horie-Inoue3, Shintaro Katayama4, Takashi Suzuki5, Shuichi Tsutsumi6, Kazuhiro Ikeda3, Tomohiko Urano1,2,3, Tetsuya Fujimura7, Kiyoshi Takagi5, Satoru Takahashi8, Yukio Homma7, Yasuyoshi Ouchi2, Hiroyuki Aburatani6, Yoshihide Hayashizaki4 and Satoshi Inoue 1,2,3 1Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 2Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 3Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan 4Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan 5Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan 6Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan 7Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 8Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan *Corresponding author. Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. Tel.:+81 3 5800 8834; Fax:+81 3 5800 9126; E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2013)32:1665-1680https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2013.99 There is a Have you seen? (June 2013) associated with this Article. PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. Peer ReviewDownload a summary of the editorial decision process including editorial decision letters, reviewer comments and author responses to feedback. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info High-throughput techniques have identified numerous antisense (AS) transcripts and long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, their significance in cancer biology remains largely unknown. Here, we report an androgen-responsive long ncRNA, CTBP1-AS, located in the AS region of C-terminal binding protein 1 (CTBP1), which is a corepressor for androgen receptor. CTBP1-AS is predominantly localized in the nucleus and its expression is generally upregulated in prostate cancer. CTBP1-AS promotes both hormone-dependent and castration-resistant tumour growth. Mechanistically, CTBP1-AS directly represses CTBP1 expression by recruiting the RNA-binding transcriptional repressor PSF together with histone deacetylases. CTBP1-AS also exhibits global androgen-dependent functions by inhibiting tumour-suppressor genes via the PSF-dependent mechanism thus promoting cell cycle progression. Our findings provide new insights into the functions of ncRNAs that directly contribute to prostate cancer progression. Introduction Emerging evidence has shown that long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are widely transcribed across the entire genome (FANTOM Consortium, 2005; Guttman et al, 2009; Kurokawa et al, 2009). Interestingly, antisense (AS) transcripts link adjacent genes in complex loci into chains of linked transcriptional units (Yelin et al, 2003; Katayama et al, 2005; Yu et al, 2008). AS ncRNAs are expected to modulate transcription of the human genome in a similar fashion, but how they are regulated and what biological significance ncRNAs may have remain controversial. The actions of androgen and its cognate nuclear receptor, the androgen receptor (AR), are essential for the development and proliferation of prostate cancer and its subsequent progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (Chen et al, 2004; Debes and Tindall, 2004; Wang et al, 2009). We employed a combination of AR transcriptional network analysis using cap analysis gene expression (CAGE), mapping of transcriptional start sites (TSSs) regulated by androgen, and chromatin immunoprecipitation with subsequent analysis by whole-genome tiling array using an anti-AR specific antibody (ChIP-chip) to demonstrate that AR-regulated transcripts of unknown function are transcribed from intergenic or AS regions of genes in prostate cancer (Takayama et al, 2007, 2009, 2011). These results indicated that androgen-regulated transcripts may include diverse ncRNAs of unknown function. Moreover, a recent comprehensive analysis of transcripts expressed in prostate cancer tissue samples by RNA sequence discovered that long ncRNAs are dysregulated during prostate cancer development (Prensner et al, 2011). Here we report a novel function of androgen-responsive ncRNA (designated as CTBP1-AS) located in the AS region of the CTBP1 gene, a transcriptional coregulator. Functional analyses revealed a novel sense–antisense mechanism for CTBP1 repression by CTBP1-AS. We also found that CTBP1-AS promoted AR transcriptional activity and cell cycle for prostate cancer. Moreover, CTBP1-AS promotes both hormone-dependent and castration-resistant tumour growth. We assume that the present findings will reveal the new pathophysiological relevance of ncRNAs that directly contributes to the prostate cancer. Results Regulation of a functional AS ncRNA CTBP1-AS by androgen To analyse the roles of AS transcripts in prostate cancer proliferation and progression, we searched for androgen-regulated tag clusters (TCs) situated in the AS regions of the AR-binding RefSeq genes identified by our previous CAGE analysis (Takayama et al, 2011). We identified pairs of sense–antisense-regulated TCs with AR-binding sites (ARBSs) (Figure 1A). Interestingly, we found CTBP1 among the androgen-regulated genes potentially governed by AS TCs. CTBP1 has been reported to function as a corepressor in the nucleus (Shi et al, 2003; Chinnadurai, 2007, 2009) and to be involved in tumour invasion (Bergman et al, 2009). We identified androgen-repressed TCs at the TSS of CTBP1 (Figure 1B). In contrast, an ARBS combined with histone H3 acetylation chromatin status was detected at the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) (Figure 1B). This CTBP1–ARBS genomic region including androgen response element (ARE) sequences showed strong ligand-dependent transcriptional activity (Figure 1C–E). We found that another TC highly upregulated by androgen was detected just downstream of ARBS on the AS strand. By GenBank searching, we found that this TC was located in the exon of AX747592, suggesting that a transcriptional variant of this transcript started from the TC. We confirmed upregulation of CTBP1-AS together with downregulation of CTBP1 by androgen (Figure 1F and G). Although, 3′ RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) PCR analysis revealed that this AS transcript has multiple transcriptional termination sites (Figure 1H), our northern blot analysis revealed that an ∼5-kb transcript is the predominant isoform in LNCaP cells (Figure 1I). In addition, reciprocal regulation of CTBP1 and CTBP1-AS was confirmed in AR-positive VCaP prostate cancer cells (Figure 1I and J). We also found enhanced expression of CTBP1-AS in the nucleus relative to the cytoplasm (Figure 1K and L). Moreover, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that CTBP1-AS is expressed diffusely throughout the nucleus induced by R1881 treatment (Figure 1M). We investigated the biological significance of CTBP1-AS in prostate cancer cells by short interference RNA (siRNA) targeting CTBP1-AS (Figure 1N). We confirmed that the androgen-dependent decrease in CTBP1 protein levels is abolished by siCTBP1-AS (Figure 1O). In contrast, CTBP1 repression and CTBP1-AS induction were not observed in AR-negative DU145 cells (Supplementary Figure S1). Taken together, these results indicate that CTBP1-AS is an AS long ncRNA regulated by AR in the nucleus repressing the sense CTBP1. Figure 1.Identification of a functional AR-regulated AS noncoding RNA in the CTBP1 locus. (A) CAGE TCs significantly regulated by androgen were extracted (Takayama et al, 2011). Among 125 Refseq genes with androgen-regulated AS TCs, 39 genes also had androgen-regulated TCs in the sense direction. Of these sense-AS pairs, 11 included the genes adjacent to ChIP-chip-determined ARBSs (Takayama et al, 2011). The heat map represents CAGE tag counts. (B) Mapping of ChIP-chip and CAGE data in the CTBP1 locus. (C) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis of AR. LNCaP or VCaP cells were treated with 1 nM R1881 or vehicle. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with rabbit IgG or anti-AR antibody. Bar: s.d. (D, E) CTBP1 ARBS mediates transcriptional activity. A 2-kb fragment that included the CTBP1 ARBS was cloned into the pGL3 luciferase vector (D). Two noncanonical AREs were mutated in the Mut #1 and Mut #2 vectors. A luciferase assay was performed in LNCaP cells with the indicated treatments for 24 h (E). Bar: s.d. (F) Reciprocal CTBP1 and CTBP1-AS expression at the indicated time points after androgen treatment (n=3). (G) Protein level regulation of CTBP1 in LNCaP cells treated with R1881 or vehicle. (H) Schematic view of the CTBP1-AS transcripts obtained by our RACE PCR analysis. The location of the RNA probe is indicated. (I) Northern blot analysis of CTBP1-AS or β-actin by using total RNA from cells treated with androgen. (J) qRT–PCR analysis for transcriptional regulation of CTBP1 in VCaP cells after androgen treatment. Bar: s.d. (K, L) Total RNAs from nuclear and cytoplasmic cell fractions were used for qRT–PCR (n=2) (K) and northern blot (L) analysis. TMPRSS2 is an androgen-induced protein-coding gene used as a positive control. (M) RNA FISH of CTBP1-AS in LNCaP cells. Bar=10 μm. (N) siRNA-mediated knockdown of CTBP1-AS (N=3). (O) siCTBP1-AS-dependent changes in androgen-stimulated expression of CTBP1 protein in LNCaP cells.Source data for this figure is available on the online supplementary information page. Source Data for Figure 1 [embj201399-sup-0001-SourceData-S1.pdf] Download figure Download PowerPoint CTBP1-AS is upregulated in prostate cancer To investigate whether sense–antisense transcriptional regulation by CTBP1-AS might be associated with the biology of prostate cancer, we performed laser capture microdissection (LCM) and quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR (qRT–PCR) analysis to compare the expression levels of both CTBP1 and CTBP1-AS in benign and cancerous regions. We observed the upregulation of CTBP1-AS and downregulation of CTBP1 in cancer (Figure 2A and B). Next, we further performed an immunohistochemical analysis of CTBP1 expression in prostate cancer clinical specimens (Figure 2C and Supplementary Figure S2A–D). CTBP1 expression was downregulated in cancer samples, particularly in metastatic cancer samples, compared with benign prostate samples (Figure 2D). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed poor cancer-specific survival and PSA-free survival in patients with lower CTBP1 expression compared with those with higher CTBP1 expression (Figure 2E and Supplementary Figure S2D). In addition, multivariate analysis demonstrated that CTBP1 downregulation was an independent prognostic factor (Supplementary Tables III and IV). Importantly, CTBP1-AS was upregulated in cancer and metastatic cancer samples compared with normal prostate tissues in the available microarray data (Rhodes et al, 2004; Varambally et al, 2005) (Figure 2F). We further analysed CTBP1-AS expression in our prostate cancer samples by performing an in situ hybridization (ISH) study of clinical samples. We did not detect CTBP1-AS expression in benign prostate tissues. However, CTBP1-AS expression was upregulated in the cancer samples (Figure 2G and H), demonstrating inverse correlation between CTBP1-AS and CTBP1 expression (Figure 2I). This correlation was also validated by qRT–PCR analysis (Figure 2J). Interestingly, CTBP1-AS expression increased with disease progression to metastasis. In the analysis of clinicopathological parameters, we found CTBP1-AS expression is significantly correlated with high Gleason scores and AR high expression status (Supplementary Table V). These data indicate the involvement of CTBP1-AS in tumour development and the direct regulation by AR. CTBP1 protein expressions were shown to be concordant with RNA expression detected by CTBP1 ISH analysis (Supplementary Figure S2E), suggesting that CTBP1 is regulated at the mRNA level. Taken together, these results from clinical studies suggest that the sense–antisense transcriptional regulation by androgen is important for prostate cancer. Figure 2.CTBP1-AS is upregulated in prostate cancer and negatively correlated with CTBP1. (A, B) qRT–PCR analysis of CTBP1-AS (A) and CTBP1 (B) expression levels in prostate cancer and benign epithelial tissues (n=16). We performed LCM to purify total RNA from each tissue. Paired t-test was performed to obtain P-values. (C) Representative view of CTBP1 expression in prostate tissue or prostate cancer specimens. Bar=100 μm. (D) Decreased CTBP1 expression in prostate cancer. CTBP1 labelling index (LI) is quantified as the immunoreactivity score. Benign, benign prostate epithelium (n=95); Meta, prostate carcinoma in the metastatic site (n=7); PCa, prostate carcinoma in the primary lesion (n=105). (E) Kaplan–Meier analysis using the log-rank test. (F) Expression level of CTBP1-AS in prostate cancer. The values of the probe (1563571_at) in microarray data (GS1439) corresponding to the CTBP1-AS region (AX747592) are shown. *P=0.023, *P=0.015 by the Mann–Whitney test from normal samples. (G) Representative view of CTBP1-AS in situ hybridization. CTBP1-AS was predominantly detected in the nucleus of carcinoma cells (arrows). Bar=100 μm. (H) Summary of CTBP1-AS expression in prostate cancer tissues. The rates of positive expression of CTBP1-AS of patients at each stage of disease progression are shown. (I) Negative correlation between CTBP1-AS expression and the CTBP1 LI. (J) Negative correlation between CTBP1-AS expression and the CTBP1 repression in cancer. We evaluated the expression changes between cancer (Ca) and benign (B) regions by qRT–PCR analysis (data in panels A and B). The association between CTBP1-AS expression and CTBP1-repression was analysed by two-sided t-test. Download figure Download PowerPoint CTBP1 functions as a novel AR corepressor for inhibiting cell growth To investigate the significance of the CTBP1-AS-mediated repression of CTBP1, we examined the function of CTBP1 as a corepressor of AR in prostate cancer cells. Coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated ligand-dependent interaction of both exogenous and endogenous CTBP1 with AR (Figure 3A and Supplementary Figure S3A and B). ChIP analysis showed that treatment with 10 nM R1881 for 1 h induced ligand-dependent recruitment of CTBP1 to ARBS for at least four ARBSs assayed (Figure 3B). Re-ChIP analysis (Supplementary Figure S3C) showed colocalization of AR and CTBP1 at ARBSs; this colocalization decreased over time due to decreased expression of CTBP1. Next, we investigated the relationship between CTBP1 association and AR transcriptional activity. The expression levels of androgen-responsive genes adjacent to ARBSs are upregulated gradually in a time-dependent manner following R1881 or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment, increasing to maximum at 24 or 48 h (Wang et al, 2005; Takayama et al, 2011). We investigated whether recruitment of CTBP1 at early time points represses induction of androgen-regulated genes by using a siRNA directed against CTBP1 (Figure 3C). Induction of androgen-dependent target genes and promoter activity were upregulated by siCTBP1 transfection (Figure 3D and E). In contrast, addition of exogenous CTBP1 repressed AR transcriptional activity (Supplementary Figure 3D and E). Progressive demethylation of histone H3K9 at the ARBS was observed by siCTBP1 treatment (Supplementary Figure S3F). Demethylation of H3K9 is the representative histone modification in ARBSs induced by LSD1 (Metzger et al, 2005). We also observed that CTBP1 interacts with the histone methyltransferase, G9a, even after androgen treatment, suggesting that H3K9 methylation by CTBP1 is probably mediated by G9a (Supplementary Figure S3G) and presumably opposes LSD1 function (Wang et al, 2007). CTBP1 interaction with histone deacetylase (HDAC) is weak and becomes no longer apparent after androgen treatment. Taken together, our data show that CTBP1 functions as a AR corepressor by inhibiting androgen-mediated demethylation. We found that CTBP1 overexpression reduced cell proliferation with accompanying repression of androgen-regulated genes (Supplementary Figure S4A–E) and that knocking down CTBP1 increased LNCaP cell proliferation (Figure 3F and G). These results demonstrated the importance of CTBP1 in controlling cancer proliferation. We also observed these effects of CTBP1 in VCaP cells (Supplementary Figure S5). However, these tumour-suppressive effects are limited to AR-positive cell lines, suggesting that CTBP1 modulates prostate cancer cell proliferation dependent on AR. Figure 3.CTBP1-AS promotes tumour growth by activating AR signalling. (A) Immunoprecipitation by anti-CTBP1 antibody. LNCaP cells were treated with 10 nM R1881 or vehicle for 6 h. Lysates were immunoprecipitated by anti-CTBP1 antibody. The arrowhead indicates IgG heavy chain. (B) ChIP analysis of CTBP1 in ARBSs. Cells were treated with 10 nM R1881 for 1 h. Normalized to IgG-IP control. GAPDH, MB (myoglobin) locus: negative controls. (C) Western blot analysis of LNCaP cells transfected with siControl or siCTBP1. (D) PSA-LUC assay in LNCaP cells transfected with siControl or siCTBP1. (E) LNCaP cells transfected with siControl or siCTBP1 (10 or 50 nM) were treated with 10 nM R1881 for 4 h. Fold induction is shown. mRNA levels were measured by qRT–PCR. (F) MTS assay of LNCaP cells transfected with siCTBP1 (n=4). (G) CTBP1 knockdown accelerates cell proliferation. The numbers of LNCaP cells transfected with siControl or siCTBP1 were counted 3 days after transfection. (H) Cell proliferation assay of LNCaP cells ransfected with siControl or siCTBP1-AS (n=4). The number of viable cells is counted and shown. (I) MTS assay of LNCaP cells transfected with siControl or siCTBP1-AS (n=4). *P<0.05. (J, left) Tumour-growth curves in nude mice inoculated with LNCaP cells transfected with siRNA *P<0.05 (n=7). (J, right) Representative view of LNCaP-derived tumours in nude mice administered siRNA. (K) CTBP1-AS knockdown in tumours transfected with siCTBP1-AS (n=4). *P<0.05. (L) CTBP1 protein expression in tumours transfected with siCTBP1-AS. (M) PSA-LUC assay in LNCaP cells transfected with siControl or siCTBP1-AS (n=3). (N, left) Effect of siCTBP1-AS on androgen-upregulated gene expression (>2.0-fold change by R1881 versus vehicle, 198 genes) in LNCaP cells. (N, right) qRT–PCR analysis of androgen-regulated genes. At 2 days before androgen stimulation, siControl or siCTBP1-AS was transfected to LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells were treated with 10 nM R1881 or vehicle for 24 h. Bar: s.d.Source data for this figure is available on the online supplementary information page. Source Data for Figure 3 [embj201399-sup-0002-SourceData-S2.pdf] Download figure Download PowerPoint CTBP1-AS is associated with prostate cancer castration-resistant tumour growth and activates AR signals Next, we examined whether CTBP1-AS is associated with tumour growth in prostate cancer. Androgen-dependent LNCaP cell proliferation was inhibited by siCTBP1-AS treatment (Figure 3H and I). In addition, overexpression of the CTBP1-AS transcript stimulated cell proliferation and imparted resistance to growth inhibition by bicalutamide (Supplementary Figures S6A–D and S7). Moreover, CTBP1-AS overexpression accelerates cell cycle (Supplementary Figure S6E). We also examined the potential tumour-promoting effects of CTBP1-AS in vivo. Tumour growth in a xenograph model was reduced after CTBP1-AS knockdown (Figure 3J and K), leading to increased CTBP1 expression (Figure 3L). Based on these findings, we further examined the effects of CTBP1-AS on AR transcriptional activity. First, androgen-dependent induction of a PSA-luciferase reporter was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by addition of siCTBP1-AS (Figure 3M and Supplementary Figure S8A and B). In addition, microarray analysis demonstrated that transcriptional activation of androgen-induced genes was diminished by siCTBP1-AS (Figure 3N and Supplementary Figure S8C) in both AR-positive LNCaP and VCaP cells. Furthermore, qRT–PCR analyses confirmed that transcriptional upregulation of representative androgen-regulated genes was repressed by siCTBP1-AS (Figure 3N and Supplementary Figure S9A). This inhibition of AR signalling is at least partially due to continuation of CTBP1 binding and inhibition of demethylation of H3K9 because siCTBP1-AS reversed androgen-mediated CTBP1 repression (Supplementary Figure S9B–D). Thus, our results indicate that CTBP1-AS positively regulates AR signalling. Moreover, northern blot analysis showed that CTBP1-AS is overexpressed in long-term androgen deprivation (LTAD) cells derived from LNCaP, a widely used model of CRPC derived from LNCaP cells (Culig et al, 1999; Takayama et al, 2012) (Figure 4A). In contrast, CTBP1 protein levels were decreased in the absence of androgen. Similar results were also observed in VCaP and VCaP-LTAD (LTAD derived from VCaP) cells (Figure 4B). In addition, CTBP1-AS knockdown inhibited LTAD cell proliferation in hormone-depleted condition in both cell lines (Figure 4C and D). In a xenograph model, CTBP1-AS overexpression induced tumour growth after castration (Figure 4E). We further transplanted nude mice subcutaneously with LTAD cells, castrated the mice after the tumours formed, and then injected siCTBP1-AS or siControl into the tumours (Figure 4F–J). Interestingly, siCTBP1-AS treatment inhibited LTAD tumour growth after castration (Figure 4F–H) and induced CTBP1 (Figure 4I and J). Thus, our results indicate that CTBP1-AS promotes tumour growth in castration resistance. Figure 4.CTBP1-AS is associated with castration-resistant tumour growth. (A) Expression levels of CTBP1-AS RNA by northern blot analysis (left), AR and CTBP1 protein by western blot analysis (right) in LNCaP and LTAD cells. (B) Expression levels of CTBP1-AS RNA by northern blot analysis (left), AR and CTBP1 protein by western blot analysis (right) in VCaP and VCaP-LTAD cells. (C) Proliferation of LTAD cells transfected with siRNA (n=4). (