Knowledge about the sizes of peptides generated by proteasomes during protein degradation is essential to fully understand their degradative mechanisms and the subsequent steps in protein turnover and generation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigenic peptides. We demonstrate here that 26 S and activated 20 S proteasomes from rabbit muscle degrade denatured, nonubiquitinated proteins in a highly processive fashion but generate different patterns of peptides (despite their containing identical proteolytic sites). With both enzymes, products range in length from 3 to 22 residues, and their abundance decreases with increasing length according to a log-normal distribution. Less than 15% of the products are the length of class I presented peptides (8 or 9 residues), and two-thirds are too short to function in antigen presentation. Surprisingly, these mammalian proteasomes, which contain two “chymotryptic,” two “tryptic,” and two “post-acidic” active sites, generate peptides with a similar size distribution as do archaeal 20 S proteasomes, which have 14 identical sites. Furthermore, inactivation of the “tryptic” sites altered the peptides produced without significantly affecting their size distribution. Therefore, this distribution is not determined by the number, specificity, or arrangement of the active sites (as proposed by the “molecular ruler” model); instead, we propose that proteolysis continues until products are small enough to diffuse out of the proteasomes. Knowledge about the sizes of peptides generated by proteasomes during protein degradation is essential to fully understand their degradative mechanisms and the subsequent steps in protein turnover and generation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigenic peptides. We demonstrate here that 26 S and activated 20 S proteasomes from rabbit muscle degrade denatured, nonubiquitinated proteins in a highly processive fashion but generate different patterns of peptides (despite their containing identical proteolytic sites). With both enzymes, products range in length from 3 to 22 residues, and their abundance decreases with increasing length according to a log-normal distribution. Less than 15% of the products are the length of class I presented peptides (8 or 9 residues), and two-thirds are too short to function in antigen presentation. Surprisingly, these mammalian proteasomes, which contain two “chymotryptic,” two “tryptic,” and two “post-acidic” active sites, generate peptides with a similar size distribution as do archaeal 20 S proteasomes, which have 14 identical sites. Furthermore, inactivation of the “tryptic” sites altered the peptides produced without significantly affecting their size distribution. Therefore, this distribution is not determined by the number, specificity, or arrangement of the active sites (as proposed by the “molecular ruler” model); instead, we propose that proteolysis continues until products are small enough to diffuse out of the proteasomes. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the major proteolytic system in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, where it catalyzes the selective degradation of short lived regulatory proteins and the rapid elimination of proteins with abnormal conformation (1Hershko A. Ciechanover A. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1998; 67: 425-479Crossref PubMed Scopus (7079) Google Scholar, 2Hochstrasser M. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1996; 30: 405-439Crossref PubMed Scopus (1470) Google Scholar). In mammalian cells, this system also seems to be responsible for the breakdown of the bulk of cell proteins (3Rock K.L. Gramm C. Rothstein L. Clark K. Stein R. Dick L. Hwang D. Goldberg A.L. Cell. 1994; 78: 761-771Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2229) Google Scholar, 4Craiu A. Gaczynska M. Akopian T. Gramm C.F. Fenteany G. Goldberg A.L. Rock K.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 13437-13445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar). The critical protease in this pathway is the 26 S proteasome, an ATP-dependent proteolytic complex, which is formed by the association of the barrel-shaped 20 S proteasome (700-kDa) and two 19 S (700-kDa) regulatory complexes (5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar,6Baumeister W. Walz J. Zühl F. Seemüller E. Cell. 1998; 92: 367-380Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1319) Google Scholar). The 19 S complexes activate peptide hydrolysis within the 20 S proteasome (7Chu-Ping M. Vu J.H. Proske R.J. Slaughter C.A. DeMartino G.N. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 3539-3547Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) and are responsible for the recognition of ubiquitinated proteins (8Deveraux Q. Ustrell V. Pickart C. Rechsteiner M. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 7059-7061Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). It contains six different ATPases, which probably unfold protein substrates and facilitate their entry into the 20 S particle (9Glickman M.H. Rubin D.M. Fried V.A. Finley D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1998; 18: 3149-3162Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 10Larsen C.N. Finley D. Cell. 1997; 91: 431-434Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar, 11Rubin D.M. Finley D. Curr. Biol. 1995; 5: 854-858Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar). This cylindrical structure is composed of four stacked rings (5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar, 6Baumeister W. Walz J. Zühl F. Seemüller E. Cell. 1998; 92: 367-380Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1319) Google Scholar). Each of the outer two rings contains seven different α-subunits, which surround a narrow opening through which substrates appear to enter (12Wenzel T. Baumeister W. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1995; 2: 199-204Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar). Each of the inner two rings is composed of seven different β-subunits, which enclose the central chamber where proteolysis occurs. On three of these β-subunits are found the active sites (13Groll M. Ditzel L. Lowe J. Stock D. Bochtler M. Bartunik H. Huber R. Nature. 1997; 386: 463-471Crossref PubMed Scopus (1968) Google Scholar), one of which is “chymotrypsin-like” in specificity, one of which is “trypsin-like,” and one that cleaves after acidic residues (14Orlowski M. Biochemistry. 1990; 29: 10289-10297Crossref PubMed Scopus (447) Google Scholar, 15Heinemeyer W. Fischer M. Krimmer T. Stachon U. Wolf D.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 25200-25209Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (415) Google Scholar, 16Arendt C.S. Hochstrasser M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 7156-7161Crossref PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar, 17Chen P. Hochstrasser M. Cell. 1996; 86: 961-972Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (331) Google Scholar). In vivo, 20 S proteasomes exist not only as a part of the 26 S complexes, but also as free particles (18Yang Y. Fruh K. Ahn K. Peterson P.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 27687-27694Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar); however, it is not clear whether this free form ever functions in protein degradation in vivo. As part of the continuous turnover of cell proteins, the great majority of peptides generated by proteasomes must be rapidly degraded into amino acids by cytosolic peptidases. In mammalian cells, some of the proteasomal products escape complete degradation and are presented to the immune system on the cell surface in complexes with MHC 1The abbreviations used are: MHC, major histocompatibility complex; AEBSF, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride; Amc, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin; Bis-tris propane, 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; IGF, insulin-like growth factor 1; Suc, succinyl; DTT, dithiothreitol; HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography. class I molecules (3Rock K.L. Gramm C. Rothstein L. Clark K. Stein R. Dick L. Hwang D. Goldberg A.L. Cell. 1994; 78: 761-771Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2229) Google Scholar, 4Craiu A. Gaczynska M. Akopian T. Gramm C.F. Fenteany G. Goldberg A.L. Rock K.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 13437-13445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar, 5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar,19York I.A. Rock K.L. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1996; 14: 369-396Crossref PubMed Scopus (516) Google Scholar, 20Goldberg A.L. Gaczynska M. Grant E. Michalek M. Rock K.L. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1995; 60: 479-490Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar). These antigenic peptides are 8 or 9 residues long (21Rammensee H.G. Friede T. Stefanofic S. Immunogenetics. 1995; 41: 178-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (1526) Google Scholar). Proteasomes are essential for the formation of the C terminus of most antigenic peptides but may not be required for the generation of their N termini (22Craiu A. Akopian T. Goldberg A.L. Rock K.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 10850-10855Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar). Thus, if proteasomes generate N-terminally extended versions of antigenic peptides, they can be trimmed by cytosolic peptidases to the presented epitopes (22Craiu A. Akopian T. Goldberg A.L. Rock K.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 10850-10855Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar, 23Beninga J. Rock K.L. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 18734-18742Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar). Obviously, information on the sizes and nature of the products of protein breakdown by mammalian proteasomes is essential for a full understanding of both MHC class I antigen presentation and the postproteasomal steps in the complete degradation of proteins to amino acids. Homologous 20 S proteasomes are also found in archaea and certain eubacteria (5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar, 6Baumeister W. Walz J. Zühl F. Seemüller E. Cell. 1998; 92: 367-380Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1319) Google Scholar, 24Tamura T. Nagy I. Lupas A. Lottspeich F. Cejka Z. Schoofs G. Tanaka K. Demot R. Baumeister W. Curr. Biol. 1995; 5: 766-774Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar, 25Maupin-Furlow J.A. Aldrich H.C. Ferry J.G. J. Bacteriol. 1998; 180: 1480-1487Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) that do not possess the ubiquitin system or 26 S complexes. In the archaeal particle, there is only one type of α-subunit and one type of β-subunit, and thus this 20 S particle contains 14 identical chymotrypsin-like active sites, which are positioned at equal distances around the β-rings (26Lowe J. Stock D. Jap B. Zwickl P. Baumeister W. Huber R. Science. 1995; 268: 533-539Crossref PubMed Scopus (1394) Google Scholar). Unlike traditional proteases, which release the substrate after each cleavage event, proteasomes from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum degrade proteins in a highly processive fashion into small peptides and do not dissociate from the substrate between cleavage events (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). It has been proposed that this complex digests proteins according to a “molecular ruler” mechanism, in which the length of peptides produced would correspond to the distance between active sites (7 or 8 residues) (26Lowe J. Stock D. Jap B. Zwickl P. Baumeister W. Huber R. Science. 1995; 268: 533-539Crossref PubMed Scopus (1394) Google Scholar, 28Wenzel T. Eckerskorn C. Lottspeich F. Baumeister W. FEBS Lett. 1994; 349: 205-209Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar, 29Stock D. Ditzel L. Baumeister W. Huber R. Lowe J. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1995; 60: 525-532Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). However, we have recently found that archaeal proteasomes generate products that range from 3 to 30 residues in length. The abundance of these peptides decreases as their size increases, and this relationship follows a log-normal distribution (30Kisselev A.F. Akopian T.N. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 1982-1989Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (172) Google Scholar). These findings on the archaeal proteasome cannot be automatically applied to their mammalian counterparts for several reasons. Eukaryotic proteasomes have fewer active sites (6 versus 14) (13Groll M. Ditzel L. Lowe J. Stock D. Bochtler M. Bartunik H. Huber R. Nature. 1997; 386: 463-471Crossref PubMed Scopus (1968) Google Scholar, 26Lowe J. Stock D. Jap B. Zwickl P. Baumeister W. Huber R. Science. 1995; 268: 533-539Crossref PubMed Scopus (1394) Google Scholar). These sites are asymmetrically distributed in the eukaryotic particle (13Groll M. Ditzel L. Lowe J. Stock D. Bochtler M. Bartunik H. Huber R. Nature. 1997; 386: 463-471Crossref PubMed Scopus (1968) Google Scholar). Eukaryotic proteasomes have three different types of active sites, and therefore they cleave a much larger range of peptide bonds. The sensitivities of mammalian and archaeal proteasomes to inhibitors are different (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). In fact, with oligopeptide substrates (11–44 residues), eukaryotic and archaeal proteasomes generate different products (31Niedermann G. Grimm R. Geier E. Maurer M. Realini C. Gartmann C. Soll J. Omura S. Rechsteiner M.C. Shabanowitz J. Baumeister W. Eichmann K. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 185: 209-220Crossref Scopus (79) Google Scholar, 32Leibovitz D. Koch Y. Fridkin M. Pitzer F. Zwickl P. Dantes A. Baumeister W. Amsterdam A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 11029-11032Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar). Therefore, it is important to analyze systematically the products of protein degradation by 26 S proteasomes from mammalian tissues. Most prior biochemical studies of proteasome activity have focused on 20 S particles because of the difficulties in purification of the 26 S complexes, their instability (5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar, 33Rivett A.J. Savory P.J. Djaballah H. Methods Enzymol. 1994; 244: 331-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar), and the inability to obtain ubiquitinated proteins in amounts necessary for chemical studies. However, the physiological relevance of findings on the 20 S particles is uncertain. In fact, when isolated rapidly in the presence of glycerol, 20 S proteasomes exhibit little or no activity against protein substrates (5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar, 33Rivett A.J. Savory P.J. Djaballah H. Methods Enzymol. 1994; 244: 331-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar). These latent 20 S particles can be activated in vitro by a variety of treatments (e.g. by the addition of detergents, such as 0.02% SDS, or by removal of glycerol), but it is unclear if, after such treatments, the 20 S proteasomes function in the same way as when they are associated with 19 S regulatory complexes as part of the 26 S particle. Therefore, an important goal of this work was to compare the nature of the products generated by 26 S proteasomes and activated 20 S proteasomes during the degradation of full-length proteins. One potential complication in interpreting results of such studies is the heterogeneity of 26 and 20 S proteasome subunits in many mammalian tissues (5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar). Therefore, rabbit skeletal muscle was chosen as the source of the proteasomes because of their homogeneous composition in this tissue (34Van Kaer L. Ashtonrickardt P.G. Eichelberger M. Gaczynska M. Nagashima K. Rock K.L. Goldberg A.L. Doherty P.C. Tonegawa S. Immunity. 1994; 1: 533-541Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (372) Google Scholar). 2K. M. Woo, unpublished observations. Unlike other tissues (e.g. liver), muscles express exclusively X, Y, and Z catalytic subunits and do not contain the γ-interferon-inducible homologs (i.e. the immunoproteasomes). In these studies, four proteins of different lengths (casein, lactalbumin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF), and ovalbumin) were used as substrates after denaturation, which appears to be necessary for proteins to traverse the narrow opening in the α-rings of the 20 S proteasomes (12Wenzel T. Baumeister W. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1995; 2: 199-204Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar). The present studies of 26 S function were made possible by the finding that in the presence of ATP, such denatured proteins are also degraded by the 26 S particles. 20 and 26 S proteasomes were simultaneously purified to homogeneity from rabbit psoas muscle. After the muscles were minced to small pieces, they were homogenized in a buffer containing 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mm DTT, 1 mm EDTA, 0.25 msucrose, 5 mm MgCl2, 2 mm ATP. The homogenate was centrifuged for 15 min at 10,000 × g to remove cell debris and then was centrifuged for 1 h at 100,000 × g. The supernatants were spun for 6 h at 150,000 × g. The resulting proteasome-containing pellets were dissolved in buffer A (20 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mm DTT, 1 mm EDTA, 10% glycerol, 5 mm MgCl2, 1 mm ATP) and loaded onto a DEAE AffiBlue (Bio-Rad) column. After washing with 40 mmNaCl (in buffer A), proteasomes were eluted with buffer A containing 0.15 m NaCl and directly loaded on an Uno Q-12 column (Bio-Rad). Fractions containing proteasomal activity were identified by their ability to hydrolyze Suc-LLVY-Amc. Complete separation of the 26 and 20 S proteasomes was achieved by a gradient of 0.15–0.45m NaCl in 200 ml (Fig. 1). The peak of the activity of 20 S proteasomes was stimulated by 0.02% SDS, while the 26 S activity was markedly inhibited by this concentration of SDS and by removal of ATP. Fractions containing 20 S proteasomes were dialyzed against 50 mm HEPES, 1 mm DTT, 10% glycerol, pH 7.5, and finally purified by chromatography on a heparin-Sepharose HiTrap column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The 20 S proteasome was eluted by a 0–0.3 mgradient of KCl in 10 column volumes and stored at −70 °C. Fractions from the Uno Q-12 column containing 26 S proteasomes (i.e. peptidase activity that was inhibited by 0.02% SDS) were concentrated to 1 ml and loaded on a 38-ml glycerol gradient (23–37% glycerol in 25 mm HEPES, pH 7.5, 1 mmDTT, 0.5 mm ATP, 5 mm MgCl2). After centrifugation for 22 h at 100,000 × g, the gradient was fractionated, and the active fractions were pooled and concentrated. The resulting preparations showed one major band on the native gel and were not cross-contaminated (Fig.2 B).Figure 226 S proteasomes degrade nonubiquitinated, denatured proteins. A, denatured IGF (510 μm), lactalbumin (320 μm), casein (90 μm), and ovalbumin (14 μm) were incubated with 26 S proteasomes at 37 °C in 50 mm Bis-tris propane, 0.5 mm ATP, 5 mm MgCl2, and 2.5% glycerol. In order to ensure that 26 S proteasome functions at V max in these assays, substrate concentrations exceeded by severalfold the K m values for each protein (A. F. Kisselev, unpublished observations). Aliquots were analyzed for new amino groups using fluorescamine (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar), which forms a fluorescent adduct with N termini of peptides, generated by proteasomal cleavage. A mixture of standard peptides was used to calibrate the assay (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). B, a native 5% PAGE was run using the system of Ornstein and Davis (52Ornstein L. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1964; 121: 321Crossref PubMed Scopus (3347) Google Scholar, 55Davis B.J. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1964; 121: 404Crossref PubMed Scopus (16054) Google Scholar). Lane 1, purified 20 S proteasomes; lane 2, purified 26 S proteasomes; lane 3, a mixture of ovalbumin and 26 S proteasome (from Fig. 2 A) after a 3-h incubation. Ovalbumin (43 kDa) migrated out of the gel and was not detected.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Each sample (1–10 μl) was added to 100 μl of 100 μm Suc-LLVY-Amc in 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mm DTT, 1% Me2SO, 5 mm MgCl2, 1 mmATP. After a 20-min incubation at 37 °C, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 900 μl of 1% SDS, and fluorescence of released Amc was measured (excitation, 380 nm; emission, 460 nm). In order to distinguish between 20 and 26 S proteasomes, the same incubation was repeated in the presence of 0.02% SDS instead of ATP. Peptide substrate incubated without proteasomes served as control. Alternatively, proteasomal activity was measured in a continuous assay. The proteasome sample (0.02–1 μg) was added into the cuvette containing 500 μl of substrate preincubated at 37 °C. Fluorescence of released Amc was monitored continuously for 10–20 min, and the reaction velocity was calculated from the slopes of the resulting reaction progress curves. Consumption of substrate at the end of incubation never exceeded 1%. Ovalbumin, bovine α-lactalbumin, and bovine β-casein were from Sigma, and recombinant human IGF was a kind gift of Dr. W. Prouty (Lilly). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-casein was prepared as described (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar); IGF and lactalbumin were denatured by reduction of disulfide bonds and carboxymethylation of the cysteins; and ovalbumin was treated with performic acid (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). Casein, which has little tertiary structure, does not require denaturation in order to become a substrate of the proteasome. Finally, in order to reduce the background in the reaction with fluorescamine, lysine residues and N-terminal amino groups on all protein substrates were blocked by reductive methylation (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). Denatured IGF, lactalbumin, casein, and ovalbumin were incubated with 20 or 26 S proteasomes at 37 °C in 50 mm Bis-tris propane, 1 mm DTT, 2–5% glycerol (30Kisselev A.F. Akopian T.N. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 1982-1989Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (172) Google Scholar). In addition, for experiments with the 26 S particles, reaction buffer contained 0.5 mmATP, 5 mm MgCl2, and, for 20 S proteasomes, 0.02% SDS was added to stimulate the particles unless stated otherwise (as in Fig. 4). Aliquots were analyzed for new amino groups using fluorescamine (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar), which forms a fluorescent adduct with N termini of peptides, generated by proteasomal cleavage. A mixture of standard peptides was used to calibrate the assay (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). Pure 20 S proteasomes (∼0.8 μm) were incubated with 0.5 mm AEBSF (Pefablock SC, Boehringer Mannheim) for 1.5 h at room temperature, and all three peptidase activities were measured in continuous assay, using as substrates Suc-LLVY-Amc for the chymotrypsin-like activity,tert-butyloxycarbonyl-LRR-Amc for the trypsin-like activity, and Ac-YVAD-Amc for the postacidic activity. All substrates were obtained from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland). The covalently modified enzyme was used in degradation reactions with casein and IGF as substrates. It is well established that 26 S proteasomes catalyze the degradation of proteins conjugated to ubiquitin (1Hershko A. Ciechanover A. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1998; 67: 425-479Crossref PubMed Scopus (7079) Google Scholar, 5Coux O. Tanaka K. Goldberg A.L. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 801-847Crossref PubMed Scopus (2261) Google Scholar), but they also have been reported to degrade a few nonubiquitinated proteins in an ATP-dependent manner (35Jariel-Encontre I. Pariat M. Martin F. Carillo S. Salvat C. Piechaczyk M. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 11623-11627Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar, 36Murakami Y. Matsufuji S. Kameji T. Hayashi S. Igarashi K. Tamura T. Tanaka K. Ichihara A. Nature. 1992; 360: 597-599Crossref PubMed Scopus (681) Google Scholar, 37Pickart C.M. FASEB J. 1997; 11: 1055-1066Crossref PubMed Scopus (309) Google Scholar, 38Driscoll J. Goldberg A.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 787-791Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar). Because ubiquitinated substrates cannot be generated in homogeneous form in quantities necessary for analysis of the products, we tested whether 26 S proteasomes from rabbit muscle can degrade other proteins without ubiquitination. Indeed, in the presence of ATP, the highly purified 26 S particles degraded several denatured proteins (IGF, lactalbumin, ovalbumin) and casein at linear rates (Fig. 2 A). Interestingly, the absolute rates of peptide bond cleavage (measured by the appearance of new amino groups) were faster with the smaller substrates (IGF and lactalbumin) than with casein or ovalbumin. To confirm that this degradation (Fig. 2 A) was indeed due to 26 S proteasomes, we analyzed the reaction mixtures by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Fig. 2 B). At the outset and after 3 h of incubation (lane 3), only 26 S proteasomes were detectable. Thus, the hydrolysis of these nonubiquitinated proteins was not due to contaminating 20 S particles or to 20 S generated by breakdown of 26 S proteasomes. Clearly,in vitro, and presumably in vivo, 26 S particles, like activated 20 S proteasomes, can hydrolyze some denatured proteins without ubiquitination. In order to test whether mammalian 26 and 20 S proteasomes degrade proteins processively, we incubated these enzymes with casein and analyzed at different times the nature of the products of the reaction by SDS-PAGE. 20 S proteasomes were purified in the latent state in the presence of glycerol but then were activated by the addition of 0.02% SDS. Despite the disappearance of casein, no Coomassie-stainable polypeptide fragments were detected in the gel (not shown), indicating that the substrate was degraded all the way to oligopeptides. To increase the sensitivity of the detection of individual peptide products, we initially used casein as a substrate that was covalently modified with FITC at multiple sites (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). Incubation conditions were chosen to ensure a linear rate of breakdown of the FITC-casein and the presence of the substrate in large excess. At different times, the fluorescent products released by proteasomes were analyzed by HPLC on a reverse-phase column (Fig. 3). With both the 26 and 20 S particles, a large number of products were generated, indicating that the protein was cleaved at multiple sites. As the reaction proceeded, the areas under the individual product peaks increased in parallel with each other, but the relative amounts of these fluorescent products did not change, and no new peaks appeared. Thus, no peptides were generated that were degraded in subsequent proteolytic rounds. These results together demonstrate that activated 20 S proteasomes and the ATP-dependent 26 S particles degrade proteins in a highly processive manner into oligopeptides without dissociation of the substrate. A similar mechanism of protein breakdown was found earlier for the archaeal 20 S proteasomes (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). By contrast, when chymotrypsin, a typical nonprocessive protease, was incubated under similar conditions with casein (24 kDa), polypeptide fragments ranging from 14 to 20 kDa were generated (not shown), and with FITC-casein as the substrate, the pattern of fluorescent products varied with incubation time. Thus, unlike the proteasome, chymotrypsin released large products that were subsequently cleaved further (27Akopian T.N. Kisselev A.F. Goldberg A.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1791-1798Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). Because proteolysis within the 26 S complex is catalyzed by its core 20 S proteasome, it has been widely assumed that the pattern of peptide bond cleavage by the 20 S proteasome reflects proteolysis by the larger 26 S particle. However, careful analysis of the spectra of peptides produced by the 20 and 26 S proteasomes showed the unexpected result that they generated different patterns of products. (See, for example, peptides eluted between 12 and 14 min in Fig. 3.) These differences in product patterns suggest that 20 and 26 S proteasomes can cleave proteins at different sites. However, it was also possible that these differences were an artifact due to 0.02% SDS, which was used to activate 20 S proteasomes and might also be altering the substrate. In addition, these differences might possibly be due to some conformational difference in the substrate due to the Mg2+ and ATP used to stabilize the 26 S particles. Alternatively, the covalent modification of casein by ver