Importance
The strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, has a stronger association among women compared with men. Yet limited work has evaluated the association betweenAPOEalleles and markers of AD neuropathology in a sex-specific manner. Objective
To evaluate sex differences in the association betweenAPOEand markers of AD neuropathology measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during life or in brain tissue at autopsy. Design, Setting, and Participants
This multicohort study selected data from 10 longitudinal cohort studies of normal aging and AD. Cohorts had variable recruitment criteria and follow-up intervals and included population-based and clinic-based samples. Inclusion in our analysis requiredAPOEgenotype data and either CSF data available for analysis. Analyses began on November 6, 2017, and were completed on December 20, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures
Biomarker analyses included levels of β-amyloid 42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau measured in CSF. Autopsy analyses included Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease staging for neuritic plaques and Braak staging for neurofibrillary tangles. Results
Of the 1798 patients in the CSF biomarker cohort, 862 were women, 226 had AD, 1690 were white, and the mean (SD) age was 70 [9] years. Of the 5109 patients in the autopsy cohort, 2813 were women, 4953 were white, and the mean (SD) age was 84 (9) years. After correcting for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni procedure, we observed a statistically significant interaction betweenAPOE-ε4 and sex on CSF total tau (β = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27-0.55;P < .001) and phosphorylated tau (β = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09-0.38;P = .001), wherebyAPOEshowed a stronger association among women compared with men. Post hoc analyses suggested this sex difference was present in amyloid-positive individuals (β = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20-0.62;P < .001) but not among amyloid-negative individuals (β = 0.06; 95% CI, −0.18 to 0.31;P = .62). We did not observe sex differences in the association betweenAPOEand β-amyloid 42, neuritic plaque burden, or neurofibrillary tangle burden. Conclusions and Relevance
We provide robust evidence of a stronger association betweenAPOE-ε4 and CSF tau levels among women compared with men across multiple independent data sets. Interestingly,APOE-ε4 is not differentially associated with autopsy measures of neurofibrillary tangles. Together, the sex difference in the association betweenAPOEand CSF measures of tau and the lack of a sex difference in the association with neurofibrillary tangles at autopsy suggest thatAPOEmay modulate risk for neurodegeneration in a sex-specific manner, particularly in the presence of amyloidosis.