Large-scale genome-wide association (GWA) studies have become an important tool in human genomics, mostly focused on disease but also on adaptive variations such as skin colour. The technique is now shown to be similarly useful in plants. Atwell et al. report a GWA study of over a hundred phenotypes in naturally occurring inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana. The results range from significant associations, usually for single genes, to more difficult-to-interpret findings that indicate confounding by complex genetics and population structure. The accompanying paper by Todesco et al. demonstrates the ability of this technique to detect major-effect gene loci. Using forward genetics and GWA analyses, they show that variation at a single locus (ACD6) in Arabidopsis underlies phenotypic variation in vegetative growth as well as resistance to infection. The strong enhancement of resistance mediated by one of the alleles at this locus explains its persistence in natural populations throughout the world, despite it drastically reducing new leaf production. Here, a combination of forward genetics and genome-wide association analyses has been used to show that variation at a single genetic locus in Arabidopsis thaliana underlies phenotypic variation in vegetative growth as well as resistance to infection. The strong enhancement of resistance mediated by one of the alleles at this locus explains the allele's persistence in natural populations throughout the world, even though it drastically reduces the production of new leaves. Plants can defend themselves against a wide array of enemies, from microbes to large animals, yet there is great variability in the effectiveness of such defences, both within and between species. Some of this variation can be explained by conflicting pressures from pathogens with different modes of attack1. A second explanation comes from an evolutionary ‘tug of war’, in which pathogens adapt to evade detection, until the plant has evolved new recognition capabilities for pathogen invasion2,3,4,5. If selection is, however, sufficiently strong, susceptible hosts should remain rare. That this is not the case is best explained by costs incurred from constitutive defences in a pest-free environment6,7,8,9,10,11. Using a combination of forward genetics and genome-wide association analyses, we demonstrate that allelic diversity at a single locus, ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6)12,13, underpins marked pleiotropic differences in both vegetative growth and resistance to microbial infection and herbivory among natural Arabidopsis thaliana strains. A hyperactive ACD6 allele, compared to the reference allele, strongly enhances resistance to a broad range of pathogens from different phyla, but at the same time slows the production of new leaves and greatly reduces the biomass of mature leaves. This allele segregates at intermediate frequency both throughout the worldwide range of A. thaliana and within local populations, consistent with this allele providing substantial fitness benefits despite its marked impact on growth.