A common endpoint of general anesthetics is behavioral unresponsiveness [1Sanders R.D. Tononi G. Laureys S. Sleigh J.W. Unresponsiveness ≠ unconsciousness.Anesthesiology. 2012; 116: 946-959Crossref PubMed Scopus (277) Google Scholar], which is commonly associated with loss of consciousness. However, subjects can become disconnected from the environment while still having conscious experiences, as demonstrated by sleep states associated with dreaming [2Stickgold R. Malia A. Fosse R. Propper R. Hobson J.A. Brain-mind states: I. Longitudinal field study of sleep/wake factors influencing mentation report length.Sleep. 2001; 24: 171-179Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar]. Among anesthetics, ketamine is remarkable [3Domino E.F. Taming the ketamine tiger. 1965.Anesthesiology. 2010; 113: 678-684PubMed Google Scholar] in that it induces profound unresponsiveness, but subjects often report “ketamine dreams” upon emergence from anesthesia [4Langrehr D. Alai P. Andjelković J. Kluge I. [On anesthesia using ketamine (CI-581): Report o 1st experience in 500 cases].Anaesthesist. 1967; 16: 308-318PubMed Google Scholar, 5Collier B.B. Ketamine and the conscious mind.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 120-134Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar, 6Garfield J.M. Garfield F.B. Stone J.G. Hopkins D. Johns L.A. A comparison of psychologic responses to ketamine and thiopental--nitrous oxide--halothane anesthesia.Anesthesiology. 1972; 36: 329-338Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar, 7Krestow M. The effect of post-anaesthetic dreaming on patient acceptance of ketamine anaesthesia: a comparison with thiopentone-nitrous oxide anaesthesia.Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1974; 21: 385-389Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 8Hejja P. Galloon S. A consideration of ketamine dreams.Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1975; 22: 100-105Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 9Drummond J.C. Brebner J. Galloon S. Young P.S. A randomized evaluation of the reversal of ketamine by physostigmine.Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1979; 26: 288-295Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar]. Here, we aimed at assessing consciousness during anesthesia with propofol, xenon, and ketamine, independent of behavioral responsiveness. To do so, in 18 healthy volunteers, we measured the complexity of the cortical response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)—an approach that has proven helpful in assessing objectively the level of consciousness irrespective of sensory processing and motor responses [10Sarasso S. Rosanova M. Casali A.G. Casarotto S. Fecchio M. Boly M. Gosseries O. Tononi G. Laureys S. Massimini M. Quantifying cortical EEG responses to TMS in (un)consciousness.Clin. EEG Neurosci. 2014; 45: 40-49Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar]. In addition, upon emergence from anesthesia, we collected reports about conscious experiences during unresponsiveness. Both frontal and parietal TMS elicited a low-amplitude electroencephalographic (EEG) slow wave corresponding to a local pattern of cortical activation with low complexity during propofol anesthesia, a high-amplitude EEG slow wave corresponding to a global, stereotypical pattern of cortical activation with low complexity during xenon anesthesia, and a wakefulness-like, complex spatiotemporal activation pattern during ketamine anesthesia. Crucially, participants reported no conscious experience after emergence from propofol and xenon anesthesia, whereas after ketamine they reported long, vivid dreams unrelated to the external environment. These results are relevant because they suggest that brain complexity may be sensitive to the presence of disconnected consciousness in subjects who are considered unconscious based on behavioral responses.