Abstract Among eusocial insects, reproductive females show longer lifespan than non-reproductive female workers despite high genetic similarity. Using an ant species ( Harpegnathos saltator, Hsal ) featuring inducible worker reproduction and correlated extended lifespan, we find that long-lived reproductive individuals (called “gamergates”) show elevated expression of heat shock response (HSR) genes specifically in the absence of heat stress. This HSR gene elevation is driven in part by gamergate-specific constitutive upregulation of a heat shock transcription factor gene most similar to mammalian HSF2 (called hsal HSF2). In sterile workers hsal HSF2 is bound to DNA only upon heat stress, but in gamergates hsal HSF2 binds to DNA in the absence of heat stress, and correlates with caste-biased gene expression of a subset of heat-inducible genes, thus showing natural bias to gamergates. Remarkably, ectopic expression in D. melanogaster of hsal HSF2 leads to enhanced survival compared to hsal HSF1 following heat stress, as well as extended lifespan. Molecular characterization of these longer-lived flies illustrates multiple parallels between long-lived flies and gamergates, underscoring the centrality of hsal HSF2 to extended lifespan in gamergates. Hence, ant caste-specific heat stress resilience and excessive longevity is, remarkably, transferrable to flies via a specialized ant heat shock factor, HSF2. These findings reinforce the critical role of proteostasis to health and to aging, and reveal novel mechanisms underlying facultative lifespan extension.