Article15 June 1997free access Rapamycin suppresses 5′TOP mRNA translation through inhibition of p70s6k Harold B.J. Jefferies Harold B.J. Jefferies Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Stefano Fumagalli Stefano Fumagalli Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Patrick B. Dennis Patrick B. Dennis Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Christoph Reinhard Christoph Reinhard Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emmeryville, CA, 94610 USA Search for more papers by this author Richard B. Pearson Richard B. Pearson Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Locked Bag No.1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000 Australia Search for more papers by this author George Thomas Corresponding Author George Thomas Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Harold B.J. Jefferies Harold B.J. Jefferies Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Stefano Fumagalli Stefano Fumagalli Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Patrick B. Dennis Patrick B. Dennis Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Christoph Reinhard Christoph Reinhard Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emmeryville, CA, 94610 USA Search for more papers by this author Richard B. Pearson Richard B. Pearson Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Locked Bag No.1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000 Australia Search for more papers by this author George Thomas Corresponding Author George Thomas Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Search for more papers by this author Author Information Harold B.J. Jefferies1, Stefano Fumagalli1, Patrick B. Dennis1, Christoph Reinhard2, Richard B. Pearson3 and George Thomas 1 1Friedrich Miescher Institut, PO 2543, CH, 4002 Basel, Switzerland 2Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emmeryville, CA, 94610 USA 3Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Locked Bag No.1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000 Australia The EMBO Journal (1997)16:3693-3704https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/16.12.3693 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info Treatment of mammalian cells with the immunosuppressant rapamycin, a bacterial macrolide, selectively suppresses mitogen-induced translation of an essential class of mRNAs which contain an oligopyrimidine tract at their transcriptional start (5′TOP), most notably mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. In parallel, rapamycin blocks mitogen-induced p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) phosphorylation and activation. Utilizing chimeric mRNA constructs containing either a wild-type or disrupted 5′TOP, we demonstrate that an intact polypyrimidine tract is required for rapamycin to elicit an inhibitory effect on the translation of these transcripts. In turn, a dominant-interfering p70s6k, which selectively prevents p70s6k activation by blocking phosphorylation of the rapamycin-sensitive sites, suppresses the translation of the chimeric mRNA containing the wild-type but not the disrupted 5′TOP. Conversion of the principal rapamycin-sensitive p70s6k phosphorylation site, T389, to an acidic residue confers rapamycin resistance on the kinase and negates the inhibitory effects of the macrolide on 5′TOP mRNA translation in cells expressing this mutant. The results demonstrate that the rapamycin block of mitogen-induced 5′TOP mRNA translation is mediated through inhibition of p70s6k activation. Introduction The biogenesis of translational components plays an essential role in the growth and proliferation of cells in response to a mitogenic signal (Nasmyth, 1996). In the case of ribosomes, many of the protein and RNA constituents are structurally well characterized (Wool et al., 1996); however, little is known concerning the mechanisms and signalling pathways responsible for regulating their coordinate expression. Recent studies have shown that the mRNA transcripts for all ribosomal proteins studied to date, as well as protein synthesis elongation factors, contain an unusual oligopyrimidine tract at their transcriptional start site, termed a 5′TOP, which confers translational control on their expression in response to mitogens (Jefferies and Thomas, 1996; Meyuhas et al., 1996). The number of individual transcripts that make up the 5′TOP mRNA family is small; however, in abundance they can represent up to 20% of the total mRNA in the cell (Meyuhas et al., 1996). Unlike most mammalian mRNAs, the first residue immediately following the cap site in the 5′TOP is invariably a cytosine, which is succeeded by a stretch of 5–14 pyrimidines, varying in length and composition, depending on the particular transcript. In growth-arrested cells, these mRNA transcripts are distributed between mRNP particles and small polysomes, made up largely of monosomes and disomes. Unlike most cellular mRNAs which redistribute to polysomes of the same size following mitogenic stimulation, 5′TOP mRNAs redistribute to polysomes of larger size, the mean distribution being dependent on the length of the transcript (Jefferies et al., 1994b). This selective regulation of 5′TOP mRNAs appears to be dependent on the polypyrimidine tract as well as its location at the transcriptional start site (Meyuhas et al., 1996). This conclusion is based on several observations; (i) fusing the 5′-untranslated region (5′UTR) of a 5′TOP mRNA to a non-5′TOP mRNA confers translational control on the chimeric transcript (Mariottini and Amaldi, 1990; Hammond et al., 1991; Levy et al., 1991), (ii) whereas placing the 5′TOP motif within the 5′UTR of a non-5′TOP mRNA does not confer translational control on the chimeric transcript (Levy et al., 1991; Avni et al., 1994), and (iii) substitution of a single purine in the +1 position for the cytosine abolishes translational control of the chimeric transcript (Levy et al., 1991). Although little is known concerning the mechanism by which the acute translational up-regulation of 5′TOP mRNAs is controlled, recent studies have demonstrated that their expression is suppressed selectively by the immunosuppressant rapamycin, suggesting that the FRAP/p70s6k signalling pathway is modulating this response (Jefferies et al., 1994a). Rapamycin is a bacterial macrolide which forms a gain-of-function inhibitory complex with the immunophilin FKBP12, targeting a large molecular weight protein termed FRAP or mTOR (Brown et al., 1994; Sabatini et al., 1994; Sabers et al., 1995). Though mTOR/FRAP has homology to both lipid and protein kinases, the only allied activity identified to date is autophosphorylation (Brown et al., 1995; Brunn et al., 1996). Rapamycin treatment of cells also leads to the dephosphorylation and inactivation of the p70s6k and, in parallel, the dephosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (Chung et al., 1992; Jefferies et al., 1994a). Furthermore, a point mutant of mTOR/FRAP, which fails to bind the rapamycin–FKBP12 inhibitory complex, when transiently co-transfected with p70s6k protects the kinase from inactivation by the macrolide (Brown et al., 1995). The latter studies lent support to the hypothesis that mTOR/FRAP is an upstream activator of the p70s6k. Since p70s6k has been implicated in translation through S6 phosphorylation (Jefferies and Thomas, 1996), the effect of rapamycin on protein synthesis was examined. Rapamycin pre-treatment of mitogen-stimulated Swiss 3T3 cells caused only an ∼10–15% inhibition of global protein synthesis; however, it severely repressed the recruitment of 5′TOP mRNAs into polysomes with no effect observed on the translation of the non-5′TOP-containing mRNAs coding for β-actin, protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-4A and β-tubulin (Jefferies et al., 1994a). These studies led to the speculation that the p70s6k, through S6 phosphorylation, is involved in the selective up-regulation of 5′TOP mRNAs. However, this model has been questioned by the recent observation that, in response to mitogens, the phosphorylation of at least three other translational components also are affected by rapamycin. None of these three proteins, including initiation factor eIF-4E (Mendez et al., 1996), the eIF-4E repressor 4E-BP1 (Beretta et al., 1996) and the kinase which modulates elongation factor eEF-2 phosphorylation, calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase III (Redpath et al., 1996), are substrates for the p70s6k. The finding that mTOR/FRAP, based on the inhibitory effects of rapamycin, has a number of potential downstream translational targets has put into question the role of p70s6k in regulating 5′TOP mRNA expression (Lin et al., 1995; Proud, 1996). To address this issue further would require more precise tools than rapamycin. Such tools might be generated by utilizing recently described p70s6k phosphorylation site mutants. Activation of p70s6k is associated with two distinct sets of mitogen-induced phosphorylation sites. The first set of sites are flanked by a proline in the +1 position, exhibit rapamycin resistance, except for S411, and reside within an autoinhibitory domain whose function appears to modulate kinase activity (Han et al., 1995; Mahalingam and Templeton, 1996). In contrast, the second set of sites are rapamycin sensitive and are flanked by large aromatic residues (Pearson et al., 1995). Two of these sites, T229 in the activation loop and T389 in the conserved linker region, appear essential for kinase activity based on the finding that substitution of an alanine at either site ablates kinase activity (Pearson et al., 1995). Kinase-dead mutants, harbouring a neutral residue in the phosphorylation site of the activation loop, in some instances have been shown to act as dominant-interfering mutants preventing signalling to downstream targets (Pagès et al., 1993). Furthermore, T389, the principal target of rapamycin-induced p70s6k dephosphorylation and inactivation, when converted to an acidic residue, confers rapamycin resistance on the kinase (Pearson et al., 1995). When used in combination, these phosphorylation site mutants could be exploited to designate downstream functional targets. To evaluate the model that rapamycin inhibits 5′TOP translation through blocking the ability of p70s6k to signal to the polypyrimidine tract, it was first determined whether an intact polypyrimidine tract was required for the macrolide to exert its inhibitory effect on translational up-regulation of these mRNAs. Next, a potential dominant-interfering mutant of p70s6k was examined for its effect on reporter p70s6k activity as well as for its selectivity for this kinase. Finally, the dominant-interfering and rapamycin-resistant mutants were examined for their ability to either suppress mitogen-induced 5′TOP mRNA translation or to protect it from the inhibitory effects of rapamycin. Results Rapamycin requires intact 5′TOP to exert an inhibitory effect To address the importance of the 5′TOP motif in serving as the inhibitory target of rapamycin in suppressing the translation of 5′TOP mRNAs, advantage was taken of two NIH 3T3 cell lines stably expressing one of two chimeric mRNA constructs (Avni et al., 1994). The wild-type chimeric mRNA contains the first 29 nucleotides from the 5′UTR of ribosomal protein S16, including the 5′TOP, fused to the human growth hormone (hGH) mRNA, whereas the mutant chimeric construct has five of the eight pyrimidines forming the 5′TOP replaced by purines (Figure 1A and B). In quiescent cells, the majority of wild-type S16-hGH transcript sediments with mRNP particles or as monosomes/disomes, whereas the addition of serum induces both populations to relocalize to polysomes containing 7–9 ribosomes per transcript (Figure 1C, left and middle panels, respectively). These results are very similar to those reported for elongation factor-1α (eEF-1α) and other 5′TOP mRNAs (Jefferies et al., 1994a; Terada et al., 1994). In contrast, disruption of the 5′TOP by insertion of the five purines abolishes translational regulation of the mutant cm5S16-hGH chimeric mRNA such that most of the transcript is now found associated with polysomes containing ∼7–9 ribosomes per transcript, regardless of growth state (Figure 1C, compare left and middle panels). If serum-stimulated cells expressing the wild-type S16-hGH transcript were treated with rapamycin, little effect was observed on global translation based on polysome profiles (Figure 1C, compare middle and right panels); however, the wild-type chimeric transcript largely redistributes from polysomes to mRNP particles and monosomes/disomes (Figure 1C, right panel). In striking contrast to the wild-type chimeric transcript, rapamycin treatment of stimulated cells expressing the mutant cm5S16-hGH mRNA had no measurable effect on message distribution, with the mRNA remaining associated with polysomes. In parallel, stimulation of either cell type leads to an increase in p70s6k activity as compared with quiescent cells (Figure 1D, compare lanes 2 and 5 with 1 and 4, respectively), with the addition of rapamycin totally abolishing this response (Figure 1D, lanes 3 and 6). Although rapamycin abolishes p70s6k activity, it only suppresses 5′TOP mRNA translation, suggesting that, if the effects of rapamycin are exerted through p70s6k, there must be a rapamycin/p70s6k-independent pathway involved in this response. Collectively, the results also demonstrate that an intact oligopyrimidine tract is required for rapamycin to exert its effect on the translation of 5′TOP mRNAs. Figure 1.Rapamycin suppresses translation by a mechanism requiring a 5′TOP. Two NIH 3T3 cell lines were used. (A) One cell line was stably transfected with a wtS16-hGH chimeric gene under the control of the S16 promoter which generated a chimeric mRNA where 29 nucleotides of the 5′UTR of S16 were joined to the hGH coding region. (B) The second cell line was stably transfected with a cm5S16-hGH mutant gene which generated an identical transcript except that five of the pyrimidines were mutated to purines. (C) Cytoplasmic extracts were prepared from the two NIH 3T3 cell lines either quiesced (left panel), stimulated with 10% FCS for 3 h (middle panel) or stimulated with FCS for 3 h and then treated for an additional 1 h with 20 nM rapamycin (right panel). wtS16-hGH chimeric mRNA is indicated by (▪) and cm5S16-hGH chimeric mRNA by (○). The extracts were centrifuged on 17.1–40% linear sucrose gradients, fractionated and subjected to Northern blot analysis using a probe directed against the hGH portion of the chimeric transcripts. Blots were then developed with a PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics) and the signal from each gradient fraction was quantified using Imagequant software (Molecular Dynamics) and calculated as a percentage of the total signal from the 14 fractions. The shaded areas depict the OD260 nm polysome gradient profile from the NIH 3T3 cells under the indicated conditions, and the position of the 80S peak is noted. (D) Immunocomplex assays of p70s6k from the two NIH 3T3 cell lines expressing either wtS16-hGH chimera (lanes 1–3) or cm5S16-hGH chimera (4–6). Kinase activity was assayed from quiescent cells (lanes 1 and 4), cells stimulated with 10% FCS for 3 h (lanes 2 and 5) or cells stimulated with FCS for 3 h and then treated for an additional 1 h with 20 nM rapamycin (lanes 3 and 6). S6 in 40S ribosomal subunits was used as substrate. Download figure Download PowerPoint Effect of a dominant-interfering mutant on p70s6k activation A powerful tool in identifying upstream mediators of specific signalling pathways has been the use of dominant-interfering mutants. In the case of kinases, dominant-interfering mutants have been generated by mutating either the essential lysine in the conserved ATP-binding pocket (Sanchez et al., 1994) or a critical phosphorylation site in the activation loop, such that kinase activity of the resulting construct is ablated (Pagès et al., 1993). When transiently overexpressed, these mutants are thought to act by sequestering upstream activators, preventing the activation of the endogenous enzyme. Recently, T229 in the activation loop of p70s6k was identified as a principal phosphorylation site associated with kinase activation (Pearson et al., 1995; Weng et al., 1995a). Since substitution of T229 by either an acidic or neutral residue ablated kinase activity (Pearson et al., 1995; Weng et al., 1995a), it was reasoned that transient overexpression of a kinase-inactive mutant, p70s6kA229, might function as a dominant-interfering mutant. To test this possibility, a myc- and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged p70s6k reporter construct, myc-p70s6k-GST, was co-transfected with increasing amounts of the myc epitope-tagged-p70s6kA229 construct in human 293 cells. These cells were chosen because of their high transfection efficiency, and the fact that they regulate 5′TOP expression in a similar manner to that observed for 3T3 cells (see below). The results demonstrate that increasing amounts of transfected myc-p70s6kA229 blocked reporter myc-p70s6k-GST activation in a dose-dependent manner, as measured in an activity assay employing S6 as a substrate (Figure 2A and B). It should be noted that a similar dominant-interfering mutant has been obtained by altering the lysine in the ATP-binding pocket to glutamine (P.B.Dennis and G.Thomas, unpublished data). That the dominant-interfering effect of myc-p70s6kA229 was specific for the p70s6k was shown by the fact that its overexpression had no effect on the serum-induced activation of co-transfected haemagglutinin (HA)-tagged p44mapk in an immune complex assay employing myelin basic protein (MBP) as a substrate (Figure 2C and D). The results also demonstrate that increased expression of the dominant-negative construct has no effect on the expression of either reporter construct, myc-p70s6k-GST or HA-p44mapk (Figure 2A and C, respectively). Thus the p70s6kA229 construct acts as a selective inhibitor of the p70s6k signal transduction pathway. Surprisingly, the amount of 32P incorporated into myc-p70s6k-GST in the absence and presence of myc-p70s6kA229 was indistinguishable (data not shown), suggesting either that the inhibitory effect was not through an upstream kinase or that the phosphorylation of only a minor subset of sites was being affected by the dominantinterfering construct. To address this point, twodimensional phosphopeptide maps were analysed of the reporter myc-p70s6k-GST derived from either serum-stimulated cells co-expressing the empty vector or the dominant-interfering mutant myc-p70s6kA229. As compared with expression of the reporter alone, co-expression in the presence of the dominant-interfering mutant blocked phosphorylation of T229, in the activation loop, as well as T389 and S404, in the linker region (see Figure 3A), and significantly reduced phosphorylation of S411 in the autoinhibitory domain (Figure 3B and C, respectively). The phosphorylation of T229 and T389 appears critical for kinase activation (Pearson et al., 1995; Dennis et al., 1996). In contrast, the remaining major phosphorylation sites, including S418, T421 and S424 in the autoinhibitory domain, are largely unaffected. Interestingly, the phosphorylation sites affected are identical to those blocked by rapamycin pre-treatment (Han et al., 1995; Pearson et al., 1995). It should be noted that the phosphopeptides migrating above the origin have been determined to be distinct from T229- and T389-containing phosphopeptides by converting both sites to serine and analysing individual peptides for phosphoamino acid content (data not shown). Thus, not only is the dominant-interfering construct specific for p70s6k, but it selectively blocks the phosphorylation of the same subset of sites as rapamycin, most likely by competing for a proximal upstream activator of p70s6k. Figure 2.Expression of dominant-interfering p70s6kA229 blocks p70s6k, but not p44mapk activation. (A and B) 293 cells were transiently transfected using a calcium phosphate method with 1 μg of myc-p70s6k-GST plasmid alone (lane 1) or co-transfected with increasing amounts of myc-p70s6kA229 plasmid (lanes 2–6, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 μg of plasmid DNA respectively). Following 24 h serum starvation and 45 min of FCS (10%) treatment, cell extracts were prepared and equal amounts of total protein were resolved by SDS–PAGE and subjected to Western blot analysis. The membrane was probed with 9E10 antibody to analyse the expression level of the two myc epitope-tagged forms of p70s6k and detected by fluorometry (A). (B) Reporter myc-p70s6k-GST, was purified from cell extracts using glutathione–Sepharose and assayed for S6 kinase activity using 40S ribosomal subunits. (C and D) 293 cells were transiently transfected with 1 μg of HA-p44mapk plasmid alone (lane 1) or co-transfected with 0.5 (lane 2) or 10 μg (lane 3) of myc-p70s6kA229 plasmid. Cells were serum starved for 24 h and then stimulated for 10 min with FCS (10%). Extracts were analysed for HA-p44mapk and myc-p70s6kA229 protein expression on Western blots probed with a mix of 9E10 (myc epitope tag) and 12CA5 (HA tag) antibodies which were then detected by fluorometry (C) as described in Materials and methods. (D) HA-p44mapk was immunoprecipitated with 12CA5 antibody and assayed for MBP kinase activity. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 3.Schematic representation of p70s6k and effect of p70s6kA229 on phosphorylation sites. (A) The principal rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites are indicated above the model and the autoinhibitory domain phosphorylation sites are indicated below the model. The acidic amino-terminus, catalytic and regulatory domains are noted on the figure. (B) 293 cells were transfected with 1 μg of reporter myc-p70s6k-GST alone or (C) together with 5 μg of myc-p70s6kA229, serum starved for 24 h in phosphate-free DMEM and labelled with 32P for 7 h. After 45 min stimulation with phosphate-free FCS (10%), the myc-p70s6k-GST was precipitated and analysed on two-dimensional tryptic/chymotrypsin phosphopeptide maps employing PhosphoImager and ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics) as described in Materials and methods. The origin is marked with an arrow. Download figure Download PowerPoint Effect of a dominant-interfering mutant on 5′TOP mRNA translation As the dominant-interfering myc-p70s6kA229 construct specifically blocks p70s6k activation, we reasoned that it would serve to discern whether the inhibitory effects of rapamycin on 5′TOP translation are through inhibition of the kinase. To test this possibility, 293 cells were co-transfected with cDNA constructs expressing either the wild-type or mutant S16-hGH chimeric mRNAs in combination with either the empty vector or the vector expressing the myc-p70s6kA229 construct. The mutant cm5S16-hGH chimeric mRNA in the presence of empty vector was translated efficiently and associated with polysomes in both quiescent and serum-stimulated cells (Figure 4A), consistent with the results obtained in NIH 3T3 cells (Figure 1C left and middle panels). Furthermore, co-expression of dominant-negative myc-p70s6kA229 did not affect the distribution of the mutant cm5S16-hGH chimeric mRNA in either quiescent or serum-stimulated cells (compare Figure 4A and B). In serum-deprived 293 cells, the transiently expressed wild-type S16-hGH chimeric mRNA co-expressed with the vector alone behaved in a similar manner to that observed under stable expression conditions in NIH 3T3 cells, except that more of the wild-type mRNA partitioned with the monosome/disome fraction than observed in NIH 3T3 cells (compare Figure 4C with Figure 1C, left panel). This difference may reflect the fact that it is more difficult to quiesce 293 cells, possibly as a consequence of being transformed with the E1A oncogene of adenovirus (Graham et al., 1977). Following serum stimulation, most of the wild-type chimeric mRNA relocated from the monosome/disome fraction to polysomes of 7–8 ribosomes per transcript (Figure 4C). Similar results were obtained if the wild-type p70s6k was co-transfected with the wild-type S16-hGH chimeric mRNA (data not shown). However, the serum-induced relocation of the wild-type chimeric mRNA was repressed in the presence of the dominant-interfering myc-p70s6kA229 construct (compare Figure 4D with C), resembling the effect observed in serum-stimulated NIH 3T3 cells treated with rapamycin (Figure 1C, right panel). However, as noted for rapamycin, the dominant-interfering myc-p70s6kA229 construct, despite abolishing p70s6k activity, only partially suppresses the translational up-regulation of the S16-hGH chimeric mRNA. These findings support the hypothesis that serum-induced p70s6k independent signalling pathways are also implicated in the translational up-regulation of 5′TOP mRNAs. Thus the dominant-interfering p70s6kA229 mimics the inhibitory effects of rapamycin on the translation of 5′TOP mRNAs. Figure 4.Dominant-interfering effect of myc-p70s6kA229 on the polysome distribution of chimeric mRNAs. 293 cells were transiently transfected with (A) 2 μg of cm5S16-hGH construct co-transfected with 10 μg of empty CMV-plasmid, (B) 2 μg of cm5S16-hGH construct co-transfected with 10 μg of myc-p70s6kA229 plasmid, (C) 2 μg of wtS16-hGH construct co-transfected with 10 μg of empty CMV-plasmid and (D) 2 μg of wtS16-hGH construct co-transfected with 10 μg of myc-p70s6kA229 plasmid. Cytoplasmic extracts were made from cells serum starved for 26 h (□) or serum starved and then stimulated with 10% FCS for 4 h (●). Extracts were analysed as described in Figure 1 on 17.1–40% linear sucrose gradients. In each case, the shaded areas depict the OD260 nm polysome gradient profile from the serum-stimulated 293 cell extract under the indicated conditions with the position of the 80S peak noted. Download figure Download PowerPoint Rapamycin-resistant T389E mutant A caveat with the dominant-interfering approach is that parallel pathways which bifurcate directly upstream of p70s6k may also be inhibited. To address this issue, we asked whether a rapamycin-resistant mutant of p70s6k, where the principal site of rapamycin-induced p70s6k dephosphorylation, T389, has been changed to a glutamic acid (Pearson et al., 1995; Dennis et al., 1996), was sufficient to maintain serum-stimulated 5′TOP mRNA translation in the presence of the macrolide. As the transfection efficiency of 293 cells is high, the p70s6kE389 construct should generate a signal above background, precluding the use of the wild-type reporter mRNA construct. Thus, the distribution of endogenous eEF-1α mRNA, which we have shown previously to be suppressed by rapamycin (Jefferies et al., 1994a), was followed on polysome profiles from 293 cells transiently expressing either the wild-type p70s6k or the rapamycin-resistant p70s6kE389. In quiescent cells, eEF-1α mRNA partitioned with monosome/disomes and mRNP particles in the presence of either wild-type myc-p70s6k or the rapamycin-resistant mutant myc-p70s6kE389 kinase construct (Figure 5A and C, respectively). As for the transiently expressed wild-type S16-hGH chimeric transcript (Figure 4C), more eEF-1α mRNA partitioned proportionally with monosome/disomes than observed earlier in 3T3 cells (Jefferies et al., 1994a). Following serum stimulation, eEF-1α transcripts largely redistributed to polysomes of 11–12 ribosomes per transcript, with slightly higher levels recruited to polysomes in the case of cells expressing the myc-p70s6kE389 construct (compare Figure 5B with D). We consistently have observed slightly higher levels of recruitment when employing either the p70s6kE389 or the more active p70s6kD3E–E389 variant. More importantly, as in the case of the stably expressed wild-type S16-hGH chimeric transcript, rapamycin treatment suppressed the translational up-regulation of the eEF-1α transcript (Figure 5B). In contrast, the rapamycin-resistant p70s6kE389 construct almost completely protected eEF-1α from the inhibitory effects of rapamycin (Figure 5D). Indeed, if the efficiency of transfection is considered, which was between 70 and 80%, the protection would appear complete, in agreement with results obtained with the wild-type S16-hGH chimeric transcript (data not shown). Consistent with these findings, cells expressing p70s6kE389, as compared with the wild-type construct, display high kinase activity following rapamycin treatment (Figure 5E). Although the p70s6kE389 construct has high basal activity, its overexpression in the absence of mitogen stimulation does not induce the translational up-regulation of eEF-1α transcripts, indicating that p70s6k activation is not sufficent to induce this response. Nevertheless, a rapamycinresistant p70s6k is sufficient in protecting 5′TOP mRNAs from the inhibitory effects of the macrolide and supports the hypothesis that the dominant-negative p70s6kA229 blocks translation of 5′TOP mRNAs through inhibition of endogenous p70s6k. Figure 5.5′TOP mRNA translation is not suppressed by rapamycin in cells that express a rapamycin-resistant form of p70s6k. 293 cells were transiently transfected with either 10 μg of myc-p70s6k plasmid (A) or 10 μg of myc-p70s6kE389 plasmid (C) and serum starved for 26h. (B) 293 cells were transiently transfected with 10 μg of myc-p70s6k plasmid, serum starved for 26 h and then either stimulated with 10% FCS for 3 h (⋄) or stimulated w