Article2 December 2011Open Access NuRD-mediated deacetylation of H3K27 facilitates recruitment of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 to direct gene repression Nicola Reynolds Nicola Reynolds Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Mali Salmon-Divon Mali Salmon-Divon EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel Search for more papers by this author Heidi Dvinge Heidi Dvinge EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Antony Hynes-Allen Antony Hynes-Allen Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Gayan Balasooriya Gayan Balasooriya Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKPresent address: Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Search for more papers by this author Donna Leaford Donna Leaford Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Axel Behrens Axel Behrens London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK Search for more papers by this author Paul Bertone Paul Bertone EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK Genome Biology and Developmental Biology Units, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Brian Hendrich Corresponding Author Brian Hendrich Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Nicola Reynolds Nicola Reynolds Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Mali Salmon-Divon Mali Salmon-Divon EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel Search for more papers by this author Heidi Dvinge Heidi Dvinge EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Antony Hynes-Allen Antony Hynes-Allen Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Gayan Balasooriya Gayan Balasooriya Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKPresent address: Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Search for more papers by this author Donna Leaford Donna Leaford Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Axel Behrens Axel Behrens London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK Search for more papers by this author Paul Bertone Paul Bertone EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK Genome Biology and Developmental Biology Units, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Brian Hendrich Corresponding Author Brian Hendrich Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Author Information Nicola Reynolds1, Mali Salmon-Divon2,3, Heidi Dvinge2,4, Antony Hynes-Allen1, Gayan Balasooriya1, Donna Leaford1, Axel Behrens5, Paul Bertone2,6 and Brian Hendrich 1,7 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 2EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK 3Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel 4Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK 5London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK 6Genome Biology and Developmental Biology Units, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany 7Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK *Corresponding author. Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK. Tel.: +44 0122 376 0205; Fax: +44 0122 376 0241; E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2012)31:593-605https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.431 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. Peer ReviewDownload a summary of the editorial decision process including editorial decision letters, reviewer comments and author responses to feedback. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info Pluripotent cells possess the ability to differentiate into any cell type. Commitment to differentiate into specific lineages requires strict control of gene expression to coordinate the downregulation of lineage inappropriate genes while enabling the expression of lineage-specific genes. The nucleosome remodelling and deacetylation complex (NuRD) is required for lineage commitment of pluripotent cells; however, the mechanism through which it exerts this effect has not been defined. Here, we show that histone deacetylation by NuRD specifies recruitment for Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) in embryonic stem (ES) cells. NuRD-mediated deacetylation of histone H3K27 enables PRC2 recruitment and subsequent H3K27 trimethylation at NuRD target promoters. We propose a gene-specific mechanism for modulating expression of transcriptionally poised genes whereby NuRD controls the balance between acetylation and methylation of histones, thereby precisely directing the expression of genes critical for embryonic development. Introduction Precise control of gene expression is essential both for embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation and for early embryonic development. Lineage-specific genes must be expressed in a precise temporal and spatial fashion, but it is equally important that expression of other genes is repressed. In short, it is the balance between transcription of lineage appropriate genes and repression of inappropriate genes that allows progression through development. Regulation of gene expression is intimately linked to chromatin state, which in turn is heavily influenced by the presence of post-translational modifications of the histone proteins contained within the nucleosome. These modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation at specific residues both on the histone globular domain and on the histone N-terminal tails (Berger, 2007; Kouzarides, 2007). The relationship between specific histone modifications and transcriptional state has been well established. For example, acetylation of histone tails is generally associated with active transcription, while methylation may be linked to either activation or silencing of transcription depending on which histone residue is modified (Jenuwein and Allis, 2001; Rice and Allis, 2001; Roh et al, 2005; Kouzarides, 2007; Shahbazian and Grunstein, 2007). In some cases, such as at H3K27 and H3K9, acetylation or methylation can occur at the same histone residue and it is the balance between these opposing modifications that determines the transcriptional status of that region (Rice and Allis, 2001; Tie et al, 2009; Jung et al, 2010; Pasini et al, 2010b). The nucleosome remodelling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex is a transcriptional co-repressor essential for developmental transitions in early embryogenesis as well as for ES cell function (reviewed in McDonel et al, 2009). In the absence of Mbd3, which encodes a core structural component of NuRD, the complex does not form and embryonic development stalls at the implantation stage, with the mutant embryos failing to form differentiated cell types (Zhang et al, 1999; Hendrich et al, 2001; Kaji et al, 2006, 2007). ES cells lacking NuRD are viable but are unable to exit self-renewal and commit to differentiation upon withdrawal of LIF (Kaji et al, 2006). NuRD components have been reported to interact with Oct4, a protein essential for the maintenance of pluripotency in ES cells (Liang et al, 2008; Pardo et al, 2010; van den Berg et al, 2010), despite the fact that several NuRD components are dispensable for pluripotency (McDonel et al, 2009). NuRD function is also important for homeostasis of both haematopoietic and epithelial stem cells (Williams et al, 2004; Kashiwagi et al, 2007). Aberrant gene expression patterns have been demonstrated in embryonic and somatic cell types in the absence of a functional NuRD complex (Kaji et al, 2006, 2007; Yoshida et al, 2008). Taken together, these findings suggest that NuRD-mediated gene regulation is required for stem cell fate decisions both in culture and during embryonic development. The NuRD complex has been extensively characterised biochemically and contains multiple protein subunits, including the class I histone deacetylases HdacI and II, and the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling component Mi2β (reviewed in McDonel et al, 2009). Nevertheless, the precise mechanism through which NuRD controls gene expression is unclear. While a reduction of histone H3K27 trimethylation was found in plants lacking the NuRD component PICKLE (Zhang et al, 2008a) and knockdown of Mi2 in mammalian cells was shown to be associated with a decrease of H3K27 methylation at one target locus (Morey et al, 2008), no global changes in histone modifications have been detected upon loss of NuRD in mammalian cells (Kaji et al, 2006). As yet, no direct link between the action of this histone deacetylase containing complex and the methylation state of H3K27 has been demonstrated. Like NuRD, Polycomb group (PcG) complex proteins repress transcription in ES cells and during multiple developmental programs. Biochemically, Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) acts to di- and tri-methylate H3K27 via the methyltransferase activity of Ezh2 (Cao et al, 2002; Czermin et al, 2002; Kuzmichev et al, 2002; Muller et al, 2002). This may then lead to the recruitment of PRC1 which ubiquitinates histone H2A, thereby silencing transcription of target genes (Muller and Verrijzer, 2009; Christophersen and Helin, 2010). In the absence of PcG proteins, both early embryonic development and ES cell differentiation are disrupted, although ES cells remain pluripotent (Faust et al, 1995; O'Carroll et al, 2001; Voncken et al, 2003; Pasini et al, 2004; Isono et al, 2005; Boyer et al, 2006). Polycomb targets have been extensively identified and include genes with 'bivalent' modifications, that is, a combination of H3K4 trimethylation, associated with active transcription, and H3K27 trimethylation, a repressive transcriptional mark. It has been proposed that bivalent genes in ES cells are poised for transcription and may be activated or silenced by the removal of the repressive or active marks, respectively (Azuara et al, 2006; Bernstein et al, 2006; Mikkelsen et al, 2007). While there is some evidence for an in-vivo interaction between PcG proteins and the NuRD complex in various organisms (Kehle et al, 1998; Unhavaithaya et al, 2002; Morey et al, 2008; Aichinger et al, 2009), the precise nature of this interaction has not been characterised. Nevertheless, the importance of a balance between the acetylation and methylation state of H3K27 has been shown in both mammalian cells and flies (Tie et al, 2009; Jung et al, 2010; Pasini et al, 2010b) and could provide the link between these two complexes in stem cell function. By comparing levels of specific chromatin modifications in ES cells with or without functional NuRD complex, we demonstrate the role played by NuRD in regulating the balance between acetylation and methylation state of H3K27. We propose a two-step model for repression of gene expression through the combined action of the deacetylase activity of NuRD and the methlytransferase activity of PRC2, which provides a molecular mechanism underlying NuRD-mediated lineage commitment of ES cells. Moreover, we illustrate a new level of complexity in transcriptional regulation through PcG proteins by showing that PRC2 can be directed to act at specific genes by NuRD. Results Gene expression changes in absence of Mbd3/NuRD in ES cells To obtain a global view of NuRD-mediated transcriptional regulation, gene expression profiles of wild-type and Mbd3-null ES cells were compared by microarray analysis. A surprisingly large number of genes was found to be significantly downregulated (839 genes, P<0.01) while 531 genes showed significant derepression (P<0.01) in Mbd3−/− compared with wild-type ES cells (Supplementary Table 1). While many of these changes in gene expression will be caused indirectly by a lack of NuRD, these numbers indicate that NuRD is likely to activate as well as silence gene transcription in ES cells. To investigate the means by which NuRD acts to repress transcription, we decided to focus on the upregulated genes identified in this study. Expression changes were verified for a subset of upregulated and control genes by quantitative RT–PCR in both Mbd3−/− and Mbd3flox/− ES cells (Figure 1A). Figure 1.Identification of direct gene targets for NuRD and PRC2. (A) Quantitative RT–PCR comparing transcript levels in Mbd3−/− ES cells to those in wild-type ES cells. Results are plotted as log10 fold change relative to wild-type levels. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (s.e.m.). (B) Chromatin IP in wild-type cells for either Mi2β or IgG control, with qPCR for proximal promoter regions of genes shown. Results are plotted as percentage of input DNA. Histone signatures (according to Mikkelsen et al, 2007) are indicated underneath. Asterisks denote loci at which ChIP for Mi2β is significant with respect to IgG control (P<0.005). (C) Chromatin IP in wild-type cells for either Suz12 or IgG control, plotted as percentage of input DNA. Histone signatures are indicated underneath. Asterisks denote loci where ChIP for Suz12 is significant with respect to IgG control (P<0.005). Error bars indicate s.e.m. Download figure Download PowerPoint Although NuRD has long been known to be a transcriptional silencer, only 0.2% of the genes upregulated in Mbd3−/− ES cells show hallmarks of transcriptionally inactive chromatin, such as H3K27 trimethylation, in wild-type ES cells (according to Mikkelsen et al, 2007). In contrast, 17% of upregulated genes in wild-type cells are associated with 'bivalent' chromatin, while 64% are associated with H3K4me3 but not with H3K27me3. The proportions of genes with either H3K4me3 alone, or with both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 that are upregulated in the absence of NuRD are similar to those seen on a genome-wide scale in ES cells (Mikkelsen et al, 2007). This indicates a lack of specificity towards these particular histone modifications at loci targeted by NuRD. While the bivalent mark has been associated with poised genes, H3K4me3 marks active genes (Kouzarides, 2007; Stock et al, 2007). Therefore, rather than functioning as a transcriptional silencer, our analysis indicates that NuRD acts to modulate the output of both 'poised' and actively transcribed genes in ES cells. NuRD binds directly to loci with H3K4me3 and H3K4me3/H3K27me3 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was carried out using an antibody specific to Mi2β, a defining component of the NuRD complex, to determine which of the misregulated genes were direct targets of NuRD (Figure 1B). ChIP profiles for Mi2β at physiologically relevant target genes using this antibody are highly similar as those for a tagged protein (unpublished observations). In addition, ChIP using antibodies to other components of the NuRD complex, Mta2 and Hdac1, as well as an Avi-tagged Mbd3 showed comparable binding properties to Mi2β (Supplementary Figure S1). We have seen that Mi2β is generally associated with chromatin, but that regions of specific enrichment can be identified (NR and BH, unpublished observations). Therefore, we focussed on regions of the genome close to the transcription start sites of differentially expressed genes. Genes at which Mi2β was found to be enriched include those with both H3K27me3/H3K4me3 (e.g., Ppp2r2c, Htra1, Klf4 and Tbx3) and H3K4me3 only-associated promoters (e.g., Smad7, Sohlh2, Klf2, Klf5 and Lefty2) (Figure 1B). To obtain a more global view of NuRD-associated regions in ES cells, we performed ChIP followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) for Mi2β in wild-type ES cells. The results obtained are in good agreement with our ChIP-qPCR data; however, the affinity of antibodies to native Mi2β is relatively low and the high-throughput data are inexhaustive (Supplementary Table 2). PRC2, like NuRD, is a transcriptional repressor complex required for gene silencing in ES cells. PRC2 acts by directing methyltransferase activity to di- and tri-methylate H3K27. ChIP assays performed with an antibody to Suz12, a core component of the PRC2 complex, confirmed that binding of PRC2 is restricted to regions that are enriched in H3K27me3 (Figure 1C). NuRD components were found at a subset of bivalent promoters as well as those with only H3K4 trimethylation, revealing that while some overlap is observed in target loci between NuRD and PRC2, the two complexes target distinct sets of genes (Figure 1B and C). H3K27 is the focus of histone modification by NuRD NuRD is a chromatin remodelling complex exhibiting deacetylase activity. We therefore, expected that loss of regulation of gene expression in the absence of NuRD would be reflected in changes to chromatin state, particularly in histone acetylation levels. To test this hypothesis, we used ChIP to compare levels of various histone modifications between Mbd3flox/− and Mbd3−/− cells for four NuRD target genes and two non-targets, all associated with bivalent chromatin domains. Promoter-proximal regions were assayed by qPCR from chromatin purified with antibodies specific to either acetylation or methylation of histones H3 and H4, and fold change determined relative to wild type (Figure 2A). In general, there was a strong association between an increase in levels of marks of active transcription (e.g., histone acetylation), a corresponding decrease in repressive marks (H3K27me3 and H3K9me3) and increased transcription levels in Mbd3-null cells (Figures 1A and 2A). In contrast, no clear pattern in changes to H3K4me3 levels was apparent between Mbd3flox/− and Mbd3−/− ES cells. Importantly, comparison of ChIP levels for the same regions using an antibody specific to histone H3 showed no overall change, indicating that the differences detected for specific histone modifications were not due to variation in nucleosome occupancy. Figure 2.Comparison of multiple histone modifications between Mbd3−/− and wild-type ES cells. (A) ChIP for histone modifications. Enrichment at promoter regions of genes for histone modifications, bulk histone H3 levels or IgG control plotted as null value relative to wild type. Error bars indicate s.e.m. (B) Whole histone extracts from wild-type, Mbd3−/− and Eed mutant ES cells blotted with antibodies for histone H3 (loading control), H3K27me3 and H3K27ac to show relative levels. Download figure Download PowerPoint While a correlation between an increase in transcription and an increase in chromatin marks of active transcription was not unexpected, the most profound changes seen in Mbd3−/− ES cells are the increase in H3K27 acetylation and loss of H3K27 trimethylation (Figure 2A). These changes are localised specifically to NuRD target genes, but not to the non-targets assayed (Figure 2A). A similar effect was seen for H3K9 acetylation and trimethylation, although the magnitude of changes observed was less striking. These reciprocal changes in methylation and acetylation at H3K27, and to a lesser extent at H3K9, in the absence of Mbd3 led us to hypothesise that NuRD acts through deacetylation of these residues to control chromatin state and thereby the transcriptional status of specific genes. PRC2 is required to maintain global H3K27 methylation levels in ES cells (Montgomery et al, 2005). Similarly, we find that NuRD is required to maintain H3K27Me3 levels at targeted bivalent genes (Figure 2A). To determine whether NuRD is also required for global H3K27 trimethylation levels, we next compared H3K27 acetylation and trimethylation levels in bulk histones prepared from Mbd3−/− and Eed−/− ES cells. In the absence of Eed, we observed a genome-wide loss of H3K27 trimethylation and an increase in acetylation levels (Figure 2B), consistent with published reports (Tie et al, 2009; Pasini et al, 2010b). In contrast, no changes in global levels of either modification were detectable by western blot in bulk histones extracted from Mbd3-null lines, consistent with our hypothesis that NuRD controls H3K27 modifications only at specific target genes. Reciprocal changes in H3K27 acetylation and methylation are common to bivalent NuRD target loci To address the extent to which this switch between acetylation and methylation status at H3K27 correlates with the action of NuRD in ES cells, we performed ChIP-seq for H3K27ac and H3K27me3 in parental and Mbd3−/− ES cells. Full details of genomic regions associated with each modification in wild-type and null cells are listed in Supplementary Table 3. Comparing average ChIP-seq profiles for wild-type samples, bivalent genes displaying altered expression in the absence of Mbd3 also showed a propensity for increased trimethylation and decreased acetylation at H3K27 relative to the average levels for all genes in the sample (Figure 3A; Supplementary Figure S2; Supplementary Table 3). In the absence of NuRD, differentially expressed bivalent genes showed a loss of H3K27 trimethylation, particularly around the transcription start site, combined with a reciprocal increase in the relative abundance of H3K27 acetylation (Figure 3A). While these changes in H3K27 acetylation and trimethylation are apparent across the entire gene body and at the transcription termination site (Supplementary Figure S2), they are most pronounced close to the transcription start site (Figure 3A). The same effect was seen when the comparison was repeated using Mi2β targets as determined by ChIP-seq (Supplementary Table 2; Supplementary Figure S3). Here, an overall decrease in trimethylation coincident with an increase in acetylation at H3K27 was evident. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that these two histone marks act in opposition and that their relative levels are controlled by NuRD activity. Figure 3.ChIP-seq analysis, reciprocal changes of H3K27me3 and H3K27ac levels in the absence of NuRD. (A) ChIP-seq for H3K27me3 or H3K27ac in wild-type or Mbd3−/− cells: average signal profiles, normalised to input, are shown for upregulated, bivalent genes (solid line) relative to all RefSeq (Pruitt et al, 2007) genes in each data set (dotted line) for a 6-Kb region spanning the transcription start site (TSS). Distance from TSS is indicated in base pairs. (B) ChIP for H3K27me3 and H3K27ac in wild-type and Mbd3-null cells and for Mi2β in wild-type cells at one target gene (Htra1) and one non-target gene (T). Data are shown relative to IgG control, distance from TSS is measured in base pairs as the mid point of PCR product. Outlines of the gene structures are indicated, with the total length of the transcriptome indicated below (not to scale). Error bars indicate s.e.m. Download figure Download PowerPoint We sought to confirm the patterns revealed by the ChIP-seq data at specific, bivalent loci for a NuRD target (Htra1) and a non-target (T, also known as Brachyury). T expression was not altered in Mbd3-null cells, whereas Htra1 increases by ∼10-fold in null cells (Figure 1A; Supplementary Table 1). Detailed binding profiles for αH3K27ac, αH3K27me3 and αMi2β were compared across a ∼6 Kb region spanning the transcription start sites for these genes in both Mbd3flox/− and Mbd3−/− ES cells (Figure 3B). Mi2β ChIP supports the hypothesis that NuRD binds across the Htra1 promoter region and within the body of the gene, but is specifically enriched close to the transcription start site. Mi2β, however, is present at very low levels across the equivalent region of the T promoter (Figure 3B). H3K27 trimethylation is detected across both the Htra1 and T loci in wild-type cells, while very little H3K27 acetylation is present at either locus. In contrast, ES cells lacking Mbd3 display an absence of H3K27 trimethylation and a significant increase in H3K27 acetylation at Htra1. These changes are not evident at the T locus, suggesting that the effect is specific to NuRD target genes. At Htra1, a strong peak of Mi2β binding is observed close to the transcription start site that coincides with the peak of H3K27 acetylation present in Mbd3−/− cells. Thus, we conclude that NuRD is targeted to a subset of bivalent genes where it is required to prevent H3K27 acetylation and, indirectly, to maintain H3K27 methylation. Gene-specific recruitment of PRC2 is dependent on NuRD Thus far, our data indicate that NuRD and PRC2 work in concert at bivalent NuRD target promoters to maintain H3K27 in a deacetylated, trimethylated state. We next addressed the nature of the interplay between NuRD and PRC2 at their target genes. We were unable to detect a direct protein–protein interaction between the two complexes in ES cells by immunoprecipitation (Supplementary Figure S4), suggesting that neither complex is physically recruited by the other to specific chromatin sites. Further, levels of PRC2 component proteins were essentially unchanged in Mbd3−/− ES cells, and NuRD subunits were present at approximately wild-type levels in Eed−/− ES cells (Figure 4A). These results do not support an interdependence at the level of component protein abundance or stability between the two complexes (Figure 4A). Figure 4.Interdependency between NuRD and PRC2 chromatin interactions. (A) Western blot showing relative levels of NuRD and PRC2 components in wild-type, Mbd3−/− and Eed mutant cells. Alpha tubulin is used as loading control. (B) ChIP for Suz12 in Mbd3-null cells relative to wild type. (C) ChIP for Mi2β in Eed mutant cells relative to wild type. Association of Mi2β and Suz12 in wild-type cells at each gene is indicated below each panel. (D) ChIP for Jarid2 in Mbd3-null cells relative to wild type. (E) ChIP for Mi2β in Jarid2−/− cells relative to wild type. ChIP data shown is for bivalent genes only. Error bars indicate s.e.m. Download figure Download PowerPoint We next asked whether NuRD activity was required for PRC2 to be physically recruited to its target loci. ChIP for Suz12 in Mbd3flox/− and Mbd3−/− cells revealed a loss of PRC2 at NuRD target genes in the absence of NuRD, whereas Mi2β levels were not significantly changed at its target loci in Eed mutant ES cells (Figure 4B and C). ChIP for Jarid2, which directs PRC2 to target loci (Peng et al, 2009; Shen et al, 2009; Landeira et al, 2010; Pasini et al, 2010a) also revealed a dependency on NuRD for its recruitment while no change was seen in Mi2β binding in Jarid2-null ES cells (Shen et al, 2009; Figure 4D and E). This observation supports a model in which recruitment of PRC2 at NuRD target loci is dependent on either the presence or activity of NuRD, but in which the loss of PRC2 has no effect on Mi2β recruitment. We next sought to determine whether it is the physical presence or deacetylase activity of NuRD that is responsible for this gene-specific recruitment of PRC2. To address this question, we performed ChIP experiments in the presence or absence of Trichostatin A (TSA), a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase activity. Mbd3flox/− ES cells were exposed to 0.1 mM TSA for 2 h. This treatment resulted in increased levels of H3K27 acetylation, which were comparable to those in Mbd3−/− ES cells but which preceded gene expression changes (Figure 5A; Supplementary Figure S5). In the presence of TSA, acetylation levels were increased at all genes tested, in contrast to the gene-specific increase in acetylation of H3K27 observed in Mbd3−/− ES cells. Exposure to TSA had little effect on the presence of Mi2β at previously identified target genes (Figure 5B) although Suz12 recruitment was reduced at all loci. This is unlikely to be a consequence of changes in protein abundance since levels of some NuRD component proteins decreased slightly in response to exposure to TSA, while PRC2 components showed a slight increase in abundance (Figure 5D). The observed dependency on acetylation levels for recruitment of PRC2 is consistent with previous reports that Suz12 occupancy shows an inverse correlation with the presence of H3K27ac at target genes (Pasini et al, 2010b).