Jaonna Jen and colleagues identify mutations in EXOSC3, encoding a core RNA exosome component, causing pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 (PCH1), a recessive disorder with heterogeneous defects in brain development. Nine out of 13 individuals diagnosed with PCH1 had missense, frameshift or exon-skipping mutations in EXOSC3, suggesting a critical role of RNA metabolism in normal brain development. RNA exosomes are multi-subunit complexes conserved throughout evolution1 and are emerging as the major cellular machinery for processing, surveillance and turnover of a diverse spectrum of coding and noncoding RNA substrates essential for viability2. By exome sequencing, we discovered recessive mutations in EXOSC3 (encoding exosome component 3) in four siblings with infantile spinal motor neuron disease, cerebellar atrophy, progressive microcephaly and profound global developmental delay, consistent with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 (PCH1; MIM 607596)3,4,5,6. We identified mutations in EXOSC3 in an additional 8 of 12 families with PCH1. Morpholino knockdown of exosc3 in zebrafish embryos caused embryonic maldevelopment, resulting in small brain size and poor motility, reminiscent of human clinical features, and these defects were largely rescued by co-injection with wild-type but not mutant exosc3 mRNA. These findings represent the first example of an RNA exosome core component gene that is responsible for a human disease and further implicate dysregulation of RNA processing in cerebellar and spinal motor neuron maldevelopment and degeneration.