Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) on apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) particles are strongly associated with lipoprotein [a] (Lp[a]). In this study, we evaluated whether Lp[a] is preferentially the carrier of OxPL in human plasma. The content of OxPL on apoB-100 particles was measured with monoclonal antibody E06, which recognizes the phosphocholine (PC) headgroup of oxidized but not native phospholipids. To assess whether OxPLs were preferentially bound by Lp[a] as opposed to other lipoproteins, immunoprecipitation and ultracentrifugation experiments, in vitro transfer studies, and chemiluminescent ELISAs were performed. Immunoprecipitation of Lp[a] from human plasma with an apolipoprotein [a] (apo[a])-specific antibody demonstrated that more than 85% of E06 reactivity (i.e., OxPL) coimmunoprecipitated with Lp[a]. Ultracentrifugation experiments showed that nearly all OxPLs were found in fractions containing apo[a], as opposed to other apolipoproteins. In vitro transfer studies showed that oxidized LDL preferentially donates OxPLs to Lp[a], as opposed to LDL, in a time- and temperature-dependent manner, even in aqueous buffer. Approximately 50% of E06 immunoreactivity could be extracted from isolated Lp[a] following exposure of plasma to various lipid solvents. These data demonstrate that Lp[a] is the preferential carrier of PC-containing OxPL in human plasma. This unique property of Lp[a] suggests novel insights into its physiological function and mechanisms of atherogenicity. Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) on apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) particles are strongly associated with lipoprotein [a] (Lp[a]). In this study, we evaluated whether Lp[a] is preferentially the carrier of OxPL in human plasma. The content of OxPL on apoB-100 particles was measured with monoclonal antibody E06, which recognizes the phosphocholine (PC) headgroup of oxidized but not native phospholipids. To assess whether OxPLs were preferentially bound by Lp[a] as opposed to other lipoproteins, immunoprecipitation and ultracentrifugation experiments, in vitro transfer studies, and chemiluminescent ELISAs were performed. Immunoprecipitation of Lp[a] from human plasma with an apolipoprotein [a] (apo[a])-specific antibody demonstrated that more than 85% of E06 reactivity (i.e., OxPL) coimmunoprecipitated with Lp[a]. Ultracentrifugation experiments showed that nearly all OxPLs were found in fractions containing apo[a], as opposed to other apolipoproteins. In vitro transfer studies showed that oxidized LDL preferentially donates OxPLs to Lp[a], as opposed to LDL, in a time- and temperature-dependent manner, even in aqueous buffer. Approximately 50% of E06 immunoreactivity could be extracted from isolated Lp[a] following exposure of plasma to various lipid solvents. These data demonstrate that Lp[a] is the preferential carrier of PC-containing OxPL in human plasma. This unique property of Lp[a] suggests novel insights into its physiological function and mechanisms of atherogenicity. Lipoprotein [a] (Lp[a]) was discovered more than 40 years ago by Kare Berg (1Berg K. A new serum type system in man—the LP system.Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1963; 59: 369-382Crossref PubMed Scopus (1015) Google Scholar) and consists of an LDL particle to which is attached the carbohydrate-rich apolipoprotein [a] (apo[a]). The apo[a] gene encodes a variable number of tri-loop structures called kringles (K) stabilized by three disulfide bonds. Apo[a] consists of KIV, KV, and an inactive protease-like domain. Cysteine 4057 of KIV-9 of apo[a] and cysteine 4326 of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) form a disulfide bond to create an Lp[a] particle (2Hobbs H.H. White A.L. Lipoprotein(a): intrigues and insights.Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 1999; 10: 225-236Crossref PubMed Scopus (161) Google Scholar, 3Scanu A.M. Nakajima K. Edelstein C. Apolipoprotein(a): structure and biology.Front. Biosci. 2001; 6: D546-D554Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 4Utermann G. The mysteries of lipoprotein(a).Science. 1989; 246: 904-910Crossref PubMed Scopus (1090) Google Scholar, 5Kostner K.M. Kostner G.M. Lipoprotein(a): still an enigma?.Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2002; 13: 391-396Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar, 6Berglund L. Ramakrishnan R. Lipoprotein(a): An elusive cardiovascular risk factor.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004; 24: 2219-2226Crossref PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar). The clinical interest in Lp[a] emanates from its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) when present in high plasma concentrations. A meta-analysis of prospective studies demonstrated that elevated levels of Lp[a] are an independent risk factor for CVD (7Danesh J. Collins R. Peto R. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary artery disease. Metaanalysis of prospective studies.Circulation. 2000; 102: 1082-1085Crossref PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar). The pro-atherogenic influence of Lp[a] seems to be particularly enhanced in subjects with elevated levels of LDL cholesterol (8Tsimikas S. Brilakis E.S. Miller E.R. McConnell J.P. Lennon R.J. Kornman K.S. Witztum J.L. Berger P.B. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease.N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 353: 46-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (574) Google Scholar, 9Suk D.J. Rifai N. Buring J.E. Ridker P.M. Lipoprotein(a), measured with an assay independent of apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, and risk of future cardiovascular events among initially healthy women.J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2006; 296: 1363-1370Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar). The gene for apo[a] appeared recently on the evolutionary scale and is present only in humans and nonhuman primates. An unrelated apo[a]-like gene consisting only of KIII repeats is also present in hedgehogs and is postulated to have evolved independently through divergent evolution (10Lawn R.M. Boonmark N.W. Schwartz K. Lindahl G.E. Wade D.P. Byrne C.D. Fong K.J. Meer K. Patthy L. The recurring evolution of lipoprotein(a).J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 24004-24009Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar). The physiological role of Lp[a] and the underlying mechanisms through which it contributes to CVD are unknown. One hypothesis suggests that Lp[a] promotes thrombosis by inhibiting thrombolysis. Apo[a] has high homology to plasminogen, but lacks the active catalytic protease domain of plasmin. Thus, it has been postulated to competitively inhibit the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, and in vitro, Lp[a] inhibits thrombolysis (11Caplice N.M. Panetta C. Peterson T.E. Kleppe L.S. Mueske C.S. Kostner G.M. Broze Jr., G.J. Simari R.D. Lipoprotein (a) binds and inactivates tissue factor pathway inhibitor: a novel link between lipoproteins and thrombosis.Blood. 2001; 98: 2980-2987Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). However, there is little evidence to support such a role in vivo. We have recently proposed the alternative hypothesis that a unique physiological role of Lp[a] may be to bind and transport proinflammatory oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) (8Tsimikas S. Brilakis E.S. Miller E.R. McConnell J.P. Lennon R.J. Kornman K.S. Witztum J.L. Berger P.B. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease.N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 353: 46-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (574) Google Scholar, 12Tsimikas S. Bergmark C. Beyer R.W. Patel R. Pattison J. Miller E. Juliano J. Witztum J.L. Temporal increases in plasma markers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein strongly reflect the presence of acute coronary syndromes.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41: 360-370Crossref PubMed Scopus (305) Google Scholar, 13Edelstein C. Pfaffinger D. Hinman J. Miller E. Lipkind G. Tsimikas S. Bergmark C. Getz G.S. Witztum J.L. Scanu A.M. Lysine-phosphatidylcholine adducts in kringle V impart unique immunological and potential pro-inflammatory properties to human apolipoprotein(a).J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52841-52847Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar, 14Silaste M.L. Rantala M. Alfthan G. Aro A. Witztum J.L. Kesaniemi Y.A. Horkko S. Changes in dietary fat intake alter plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a).Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004; 24: 498-503Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 15Tsimikas S. Lau H.K. Han K.R. Shortal B. Miller E.R. Segev A. Curtiss L.K. Witztum J.L. Strauss B.H. Percutaneous coronary intervention results in acute increases in oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): short-term and long-term immunologic responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein.Circulation. 2004; 109: 3164-3170Crossref PubMed Scopus (209) Google Scholar, 16Tsimikas S. Witztum J.L. Miller E.R. Sasiela W.J. Szarek M. Olsson A.G. Schwartz G.G. High-dose atorvastatin reduces total plasma levels of oxidized phospholipids and immune complexes present on apolipoprotein B-100 in patients with acute coronary syndromes in the MIRACL trial.Circulation. 2004; 110: 1406-1412Crossref PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar, 17Rodenburg J. Vissers M.N. Wiegman A. Miller E.R. Ridker P.M. Witztum J.L. Kastelein J.J. Tsimikas S. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 1803-1810Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar, 18Tsimikas S. Kiechl S. Willeit J. Mayr M. Miller E.R. Kronenberg F. Xu Q. Bergmark C. Weger S. Oberhollenzer F. et al.Oxidized phospholipids predict the presence and progression of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis and symptomatic cardiovascular disease: five-year prospective results from the Bruneck study.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 2219-2228Crossref PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar, 19Kiechl S. Willeit J. Mayr M. Viehweider B. Oberhollenzer M. Kronenberg F. Wiedermann C.J. Oberthaler S. Xu Q. Witztum J.L. et al.Oxidized phospholipids, lipoprotein(a), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, and 10-year cardiovascular outcomes. Prospective results from the Bruneck Study.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007; 27: 1788-1795Crossref PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar). Thus, when present at low plasma concentrations, Lp[a] would actually be anti-inflammatory via its ability to bind OxPLs. The corollary to this is that one potential physiological role of Lp[a] is to bind OxPLs and either directly prevent their proinflammatory properties, or perhaps even enhance their degradation. In that regard, it may have some potential benefit at low plasma levels. This is supported by recent observations from our group in the Bruneck study (19Kiechl S. Willeit J. Mayr M. Viehweider B. Oberhollenzer M. Kronenberg F. Wiedermann C.J. Oberthaler S. Xu Q. Witztum J.L. et al.Oxidized phospholipids, lipoprotein(a), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, and 10-year cardiovascular outcomes. Prospective results from the Bruneck Study.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007; 27: 1788-1795Crossref PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar) and by two prior studies from Berg et al. (20Berg K. Dahlen G. Christophersen B. Cook T. Kjekshus J. Pedersen T. Lp(a) lipoprotein level predicts survival and major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study.Clin. Genet. 1997; 52: 254-261Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar, 21Berg K. Ro O.C. Lp(a) lipoprotein level and longevity.Ann. Genet. 1991; 34: 264-269PubMed Google Scholar) showing a J-shaped relationship of Lp[a] to cardiovascular events, where patients with the lowest quartile of Lp[a] had a higher risk for cardiovascular events compared with subjects in the second quartile, but subjects in the third and fourth quartiles had much higher risk. Thus, when present at high plasma concentrations, Lp[a] would be more atherogenic than native LDL, because it binds with increased affinity to arterial intimal proteoglycans (22Pillarisetti S. Paka L. Obunike J.C. Berglund L. Goldberg I.J. Subendothelial retention of lipoprotein (a). Evidence that reduced heparan sulfate promotes lipoprotein binding to subendothelial matrix.J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 100: 867-874Crossref PubMed Scopus (94) Google Scholar), resulting in an increased intimal concentration of LDL, with associated proinflammatory OxPL. There is also indirect evidence from Tsironis et al. (23Tsironis L.D. Katsouras C.S. Lourida E.S. Mitsios J.V. Goudevenos J. Elisaf M. Tselepis A.D. Reduced PAF-acetylhydrolase activity associated with Lp(a) in patients with coronary artery disease.Atherosclerosis. 2004; 177: 193-201Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar) demonstrating reduced lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity on Lp[a], as opposed to on LDL from the same patients, suggesting that inability to degrade OxPL on Lp[a] may lead to coronary artery disease (CAD). Our hypothesis arose as a consequence of observations made when we initially developed a method to measure one class of OxPL in human plasma that was associated with apoB-100 (OxPL/apoB). This was accomplished using the murine monoclonal antibody E06, which is an IgM natural antibody that binds the phosphocholine (PC) headgroup of oxidized but not native phospholipids (24Hõrkkõ S. Bird D.A. Miller E. Itabe H. Leitinger N. Subbanagounder G. Berliner J.A. Friedman P. Dennis E.A. Curtiss L.K. et al.Monoclonal autoantibodies specific for oxidized phospholipids or oxidized phospholipid-protein adducts inhibit macrophage uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins.J. Clin. Invest. 1999; 103: 117-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (466) Google Scholar, 25Friedman P. Hörkkö S. Steinberg D. Witztum J.L. Dennis E.A. Correlation of antiphospholipid antibody recognition with the structure of synthetic oxidized phospholipids: importance of Schiff base formation and Aldol condensation.J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 277: 7010-7020Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar). E06 recognizes PC on an equimolar basis when present as a PC salt, or as PC present in OxPL, such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, present as a lipid, or if covalently attached (via the sn2 side chain) to a variety of different peptides, irrespective of amino acid sequence (25Friedman P. Hörkkö S. Steinberg D. Witztum J.L. Dennis E.A. Correlation of antiphospholipid antibody recognition with the structure of synthetic oxidized phospholipids: importance of Schiff base formation and Aldol condensation.J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 277: 7010-7020Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar). Using this assay, we have shown that plasma OxPL/apoB levels provide independent predictive value in quantitating the presence and extent of angiographically determined CAD (8Tsimikas S. Brilakis E.S. Miller E.R. McConnell J.P. Lennon R.J. Kornman K.S. Witztum J.L. Berger P.B. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease.N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 353: 46-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (574) Google Scholar), identifying the presence and progression of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis (18Tsimikas S. Kiechl S. Willeit J. Mayr M. Miller E.R. Kronenberg F. Xu Q. Bergmark C. Weger S. Oberhollenzer F. et al.Oxidized phospholipids predict the presence and progression of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis and symptomatic cardiovascular disease: five-year prospective results from the Bruneck study.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 2219-2228Crossref PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar), and also predicting CVD events over a 10 year interval (19Kiechl S. Willeit J. Mayr M. Viehweider B. Oberhollenzer M. Kronenberg F. Wiedermann C.J. Oberthaler S. Xu Q. Witztum J.L. et al.Oxidized phospholipids, lipoprotein(a), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, and 10-year cardiovascular outcomes. Prospective results from the Bruneck Study.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007; 27: 1788-1795Crossref PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar). The OxPL/apoB ratio was independent of all known risk factors, except for Lp[a], and, remarkably, in all clinical studies performed thus far, there was an unusually strong correlation of OxPL/apoB with Lp[a] (R = ∼0.80–0.90) (8Tsimikas S. Brilakis E.S. Miller E.R. McConnell J.P. Lennon R.J. Kornman K.S. Witztum J.L. Berger P.B. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease.N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 353: 46-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (574) Google Scholar, 12Tsimikas S. Bergmark C. Beyer R.W. Patel R. Pattison J. Miller E. Juliano J. Witztum J.L. Temporal increases in plasma markers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein strongly reflect the presence of acute coronary syndromes.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41: 360-370Crossref PubMed Scopus (305) Google Scholar, 14Silaste M.L. Rantala M. Alfthan G. Aro A. Witztum J.L. Kesaniemi Y.A. Horkko S. Changes in dietary fat intake alter plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a).Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004; 24: 498-503Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 15Tsimikas S. Lau H.K. Han K.R. Shortal B. Miller E.R. Segev A. Curtiss L.K. Witztum J.L. Strauss B.H. Percutaneous coronary intervention results in acute increases in oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): short-term and long-term immunologic responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein.Circulation. 2004; 109: 3164-3170Crossref PubMed Scopus (209) Google Scholar, 16Tsimikas S. Witztum J.L. Miller E.R. Sasiela W.J. Szarek M. Olsson A.G. Schwartz G.G. High-dose atorvastatin reduces total plasma levels of oxidized phospholipids and immune complexes present on apolipoprotein B-100 in patients with acute coronary syndromes in the MIRACL trial.Circulation. 2004; 110: 1406-1412Crossref PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar, 17Rodenburg J. Vissers M.N. Wiegman A. Miller E.R. Ridker P.M. Witztum J.L. Kastelein J.J. Tsimikas S. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 1803-1810Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar, 18Tsimikas S. Kiechl S. Willeit J. Mayr M. Miller E.R. Kronenberg F. Xu Q. Bergmark C. Weger S. Oberhollenzer F. et al.Oxidized phospholipids predict the presence and progression of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis and symptomatic cardiovascular disease: five-year prospective results from the Bruneck study.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 2219-2228Crossref PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar). However, differences exist between Lp[a] mass and OxPL/apoB within different apo[a] isoform classes, with the strength of this correlation being weakest for the largest isoforms and strongest with the lowest number of kringle repeats (>29 repeats, r = 0.66; 23–29 repeats, r = 0.88; and <22 repeats, r = 0.93; P = 0.001 each) (18Tsimikas S. Kiechl S. Willeit J. Mayr M. Miller E.R. Kronenberg F. Xu Q. Bergmark C. Weger S. Oberhollenzer F. et al.Oxidized phospholipids predict the presence and progression of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis and symptomatic cardiovascular disease: five-year prospective results from the Bruneck study.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 2219-2228Crossref PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar). These clinical observations suggest that OxPL may be bound to Lp[a] and may thereby mediate a common biological influence on CVD. However, the physical association of OxPL with Lp[a] has not been studied in detail. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to better define the association of OxPL with Lp[a] in human plasma using a variety of immunoprecipitation and ultracentrifugation experiments, in vitro transfer studies, and chemiluminescent ELISAs. Three groups of subjects were studied in the various experiments (Table 1). In study 1, plasma was repeatedly obtained from 1 subject with elevated Lp[a] levels, but without CVD, for immunoprecipitation and ultracentrifugation experiments; in study 2, plasma was obtained from 14 subjects without CVD for detailed ultracentrifugation experiments; and in study 3, plasma was obtained from 12 subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia undergoing apheresis, 9 of whom had a history of CVD.Table 1Baseline clinical characteristics of the three study groupsStudy 1Study 2Study 3Age (years)3851 ± 1044 ± 19Male/female1/011/46/6Body mass index25.126 ± 1.923 ± 4.5Cardiovascular disease, yes/no0/10/159/3Lipid parameters (mg/dl) Total cholesterol188189 ± 33225 ± 43 LDL-cholesterol121116 ± 32106 ± 54 HDL-cholesterol5641 ± 9.338 ± 10 Triglycerides53164 ± 97165 ± 33 Apolipoprotein A125N/D119 ± 23 Apolipoprotein B9085 ± 12125 ± 19 Lp[a] (median, 95% CI)11211.2 (7.6, 22.3)49.5 (40.0–75.7)Lp[a], lipoprotein [a]; N/D, not determined. Results are given as mean ± SD. Open table in a new tab Lp[a], lipoprotein [a]; N/D, not determined. Results are given as mean ± SD. Each of these studies was approved by the respective institutional review boards of the University of California San Diego, the Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research INSERM Unit 551, and the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, respectively, and all subjects gave written informed consent. To assess whether OxPLs were physically associated with Lp[a] compared with other lipoproteins, plasma from the subject in study 1 with Lp[a] mass 112 mg/dl was diluted 1:50 in PBS in 1.5 ml conical, siliconized tubes in the presence of increasing amounts of LPA4 (molar ratio was based on molecular mass of LPA4 at 165 kDa and apo[a] at 500,000 kDa) to preferentially precipitate Lp[a]. LPA4 is a monoclonal IgG antibody binding the sequence TRNYCRNPDAEIRP on apo[a] and does not cross-react with plasminogen (15Tsimikas S. Lau H.K. Han K.R. Shortal B. Miller E.R. Segev A. Curtiss L.K. Witztum J.L. Strauss B.H. Percutaneous coronary intervention results in acute increases in oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): short-term and long-term immunologic responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein.Circulation. 2004; 109: 3164-3170Crossref PubMed Scopus (209) Google Scholar). After a 24 h incubation at 4°C, samples were centrifuged for 20 min at 10,000 g, and 50 μl of the supernatant was added to microtiter wells coated with MB47, a murine monoclonal antibody that binds human apoB-100 (15Tsimikas S. Lau H.K. Han K.R. Shortal B. Miller E.R. Segev A. Curtiss L.K. Witztum J.L. Strauss B.H. Percutaneous coronary intervention results in acute increases in oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): short-term and long-term immunologic responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein.Circulation. 2004; 109: 3164-3170Crossref PubMed Scopus (209) Google Scholar). To measure the amounts of OxPL or apo[a] remaining in the supernatant, biotinylated E06 or LPA4 was then added to wells in parallel plates, and the amounts bound were determined using chemiluminescent techniques, as previously described (15Tsimikas S. Lau H.K. Han K.R. Shortal B. Miller E.R. Segev A. Curtiss L.K. Witztum J.L. Strauss B.H. Percutaneous coronary intervention results in acute increases in oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): short-term and long-term immunologic responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein.Circulation. 2004; 109: 3164-3170Crossref PubMed Scopus (209) Google Scholar). The data are expressed in relative light units (RLUs)/100 ms. To validate that equal numbers of apoB-100 particles were captured in each well, aliquots of the supernatants were added to MB47-coated wells in parallel control plates, and the amount of apoB-100 bound was measured using a biotinylated goat anti-human apoB-100 antibody (Biodesign International) as described above. Ultracentrifugation of plasma lipoprotein fractions was performed to assess which fractions contained E06 immunoreactivity. For this set of experiments, we used plasma from all three study groups using different isolation techniques: First, in study 1, lipoprotein fractions were separated into fractions with density <1.006, 1.006–1.020, 1.020–1.040, 1.040–1.060, 1.060–1.080, 1.080–1.110, and 1.110–1.210 g/ml and lipoprotein-deficient serum using sequential ultracentrifugation (26Witztum J.L. Young S.G. Elam R.L. Carew T.E. Fisher M. Cholestyramine-induced changes in low density lipoprotein composition and metabolism. I. Studies in the guinea pig.J. Lipid Res. 1985; 26: 92-103Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). This subject's lipid profile was: total cholesterol, 189 mg/dl; LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), 121 mg/dl; HDL-C, 56 mg/dl; triglyceride, 53 mg/dl; and apoB-100, 90 mg/dl (Table 1). The densities of eluted fractions were verified using a DMA 45 Digital Density Meter (Anton Parr, Graz, Austria). Aliquots of equal amounts of protein (10 μg/ml) from each fraction were used to coat microtiter wells by overnight incubation at 4°C. The wells were then washed and the content of apoB-100, OxPL, and apo[a] determined with biotinylated goat anti-human apoB-100, E06, and LPA4, respectively, as described above. For study 2, we recruited 14 healthy normolipidemic male volunteers who were not on hypolipidemic agents, and were without overt CVD. Three density fractions were isolated over the LDL density interval of 1.033–1.064 g/ml to more finely assess the presence of OxPL in this density range. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast into tubes containing 1 mg/ml EDTA and 10 μM Trolox. Plasma was adjusted to a density of 1.030 g/ml with sodium chloride-D2O solution and centrifuged at 40,000 rpm for 18 h at 10°C in a Beckman 40.3 Ti rotor. The top 2.0 ml was decanted, and the subnatant fluid was adjusted to a density of 1.063 g/ml with sodium chloride-D2O solution. After centrifugation at 10°C for 18 h at 40,000 rpm in a Beckman 40.3 Ti rotor, the LDL was withdrawn in the top 1.0 ml and dialyzed in a NaBr solution of 1.04 g/ml overnight with two changes of dialyzing solution. The dialyzed LDL (2.0 ml) was layered above a NaBr solution of density 1.0540 g/ml (2.5 ml), and 2.5 ml of a NaBr solution of density 1.0275 g/ml was layered above the LDL. The tubes were then centrifuged to equilibrium at 40,000 rpm for 40 h in a Beckman SW 45 rotor at 18°C. A blank tube containing salt with D2O was included with each ultracentrifugation for densitometric analysis of subfractions. The contents of each tube were then withdrawn by pipetting, and the first 2.5 ml (density <1.033 g/ml) and bottom 0.5 ml (density >1.064 g/ml) were discarded. The three sequential fractions used for compositional analysis were of density 1.033–1.038 g/ml (1.0 ml), 1.038–1.049 g/ml (1.5 ml), and 1.049–1.064 (1.5 ml). ApoB-100 levels were then determined in these fractions with a commercial assay. To directly determine the content of OxPL and apo[a] on apoB-100 particles in each fraction, MB47 was plated and equal amounts of apoB-100 (10 μg/ml) from each subfraction were then added. The amount of OxPL and apo[a] on apoB-100 was determined with biotinylated E06 and LPA4, respectively, as described above. The amount of apoB-100 bound in each well was determined using biotinylated goat anti-human apoB-100. As a third approach to assess the presence of OxPL over the entire lipoprotein density range, we recruited 12 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, documented by both clinical and genetic testing, who were undergoing apheresis every 2–3 weeks. Density gradient ultracentrifugation was used to separate very narrow density bands of lipoproteins. These patients had a homogeneous lipoprotein profile except for differences in Lp[a] levels (Table 1). Plasma was fractionated on the basis of the hydrated density by the isopycnic ultracentrifugal density gradient procedure as described previously (27Chapman M.J. Goldstein S. Lagrange D. Laplaud P.M. A density gradient ultracentrifugal procedure for the isolation of the major lipoprotein classes from human serum.J. Lipid Res. 1981; 22: 339-358Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), with the modification that 2.5 ml (instead of 3 ml) of the 1.006 g/ml NaCl solution was added to the top of each gradient. Gradients were constructed in Ultraclear (Beckman) tubes of the Beckman SW41-Ti rotor (27Chapman M.J. Goldstein S. Lagrange D. Laplaud P.M. A density gradient ultracentrifugal procedure for the isolation of the major lipoprotein classes from human serum.J. Lipid Res. 1981; 22: 339-358Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Gentamycin (final concentration 50 mg/ml) and an antioxidant, EDTA (final concentration 0.26 mM), were also added to each “plasma-KBr” sample. Ultracentrifugation was performed in a Beckman L-80 ultracentrifuge at 40,000 rpm for 44 h at 15°C, using max acceleration and deceleration modes. Twenty-four fractions of 0.4 ml were collected successively from the meniscus of each tube with a Gilson precision pipette; however, the first fraction (d < 1.015 g/ml) was removed in the same volume with a narrow-bore Pasteur pipette in order to permit a more satisfactory separation of VLDL, which tended to adhere to the tube walls. Fifty μl aliquots from each fraction were used to coat microtiter wells by overnight incubation at 4°C. The wells were then washed and the content of apoB-100, OxPL, and apo[a] determined with biotinylated goat anti-human apoB-100, E06, and LPA4, respectively, as described above. To determine the relative capacity of LDL versus Lp[a] to bind OxPL, we compared the net transfer of OxPL, as measured by E06, from oxidized LDL (OxLDL) to either LDL or Lp[a] in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. LDL (with no Lp[a]) and Lp[a] to be used as acceptors were obtained using a lysine-sepharose column, as previously described (13Edelstein C. Pfaffinger D. Hinman J. Miller E. Lipkind G. Tsimikas S. Bergmark C. Getz G.S. Witztum J.L. Scanu A.M. Lysine-phosphatidylcholine adducts in kringle V impart unique immunological and potential pro-inflammatory properties to human apolipoprotein(a).J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52841-52847Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar). Each of these acceptor lipoproteins was biotinylated by standard methods (EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-Biotin; Pierce, Inc.). Donor lipoproteins consisted o