Abstract BACKGROUND The etiology of pediatric cancer remains largely unclear, with only a small proportion of patients (8-10%) harboring cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS). However, prospective studies evaluating CPS in pediatric neuro-oncology patients are scarce. We aimed to investigate the incidence and spectrum of CPS in this patient population. METHODS Newly diagnosed pediatric brain tumor patients from 2020 to 2023 were consented, and their germline DNA was sequenced using a DNA panel for next-generation sequencing (NGS) or whole-exome sequencing. Patients with previously known NF1, NF2, or TSC were excluded from the study. RESULTS A total of 164 consecutive patients from our center were enrolled over four years. Pathogenic germline variants (UV4 or UV5) were detected in 24 cases (14.6%). Half of these mutated genes are known to be associated with pediatric tumors. Examples include variants in TP53 (two patients with high-grade glioma), biallelic FANCD1 (medulloblastoma), SMARCE1 (meningioma), NF1 (high-grade glioma), NF2 (meningioma), MSH2 (medulloblastoma), and others. The second group of patients harbored pathogenic variants without confirmed associations with pediatric cancer, including heterozygous variants in MUTYH (n=3), FANC genes (n=2), NBN (n=2), PALB2, XPC, and pathogenic variants in WRN or CHEK2 (n=3). In addition to pathogenic variants in CHEK2, variants of uncertain significance, such as c.470T>C, were also identified (total n=8). The majority of patients with a CHEK2 variant were diagnosed with glial tumors. Notably, 8.3% of patients with pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGG) from our cohort harbored a CHEK2 germline variant. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of CPS in our cohort (14.6%) is higher than what is reported in studies evaluating all pediatric cancer patients. This percentage might be underestimated due to the exclusion of known phacomatoses. The role of some variants, including those in CHEK2, warrants further investigation. This study was supported by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant number NU21-07-00419.