All immunoglobulin G molecules carry N-glycans, which modulate their biological activity. Changes in N-glycosylation of IgG associate with various diseases and affect the activity of therapeutic antibodies and intravenous immunoglobulins. We have developed a novel 96-well protein G monolithic plate and used it to rapidly isolate IgG from plasma of 2298 individuals from three isolated human populations. N-glycans were released by PNGase F, labeled with 2-aminobenzamide and analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with fluorescence detection. The majority of the structural features of the IgG glycome were consistent with previous studies, but sialylation was somewhat higher than reported previously. Sialylation was particularly prominent in core fucosylated glycans containing two galactose residues and bisecting GlcNAc where median sialylation level was nearly 80%. Very high variability between individuals was observed, approximately three times higher than in the total plasma glycome. For example, neutral IgG glycans without core fucose varied between 1.3 and 19%, a difference that significantly affects the effector functions of natural antibodies, predisposing or protecting individuals from particular diseases. Heritability of IgG glycans was generally between 30 and 50%. The individual's age was associated with a significant decrease in galactose and increase of bisecting GlcNAc, whereas other functional elements of IgG glycosylation did not change much with age. Gender was not an important predictor for any IgG glycan. An important observation is that competition between glycosyltransferases, which occurs in vitro, did not appear to be relevant in vivo, indicating that the final glycan structures are not a simple result of competing enzymatic activities, but a carefully regulated outcome designed to meet the prevailing physiological needs. All immunoglobulin G molecules carry N-glycans, which modulate their biological activity. Changes in N-glycosylation of IgG associate with various diseases and affect the activity of therapeutic antibodies and intravenous immunoglobulins. We have developed a novel 96-well protein G monolithic plate and used it to rapidly isolate IgG from plasma of 2298 individuals from three isolated human populations. N-glycans were released by PNGase F, labeled with 2-aminobenzamide and analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with fluorescence detection. The majority of the structural features of the IgG glycome were consistent with previous studies, but sialylation was somewhat higher than reported previously. Sialylation was particularly prominent in core fucosylated glycans containing two galactose residues and bisecting GlcNAc where median sialylation level was nearly 80%. Very high variability between individuals was observed, approximately three times higher than in the total plasma glycome. For example, neutral IgG glycans without core fucose varied between 1.3 and 19%, a difference that significantly affects the effector functions of natural antibodies, predisposing or protecting individuals from particular diseases. Heritability of IgG glycans was generally between 30 and 50%. The individual's age was associated with a significant decrease in galactose and increase of bisecting GlcNAc, whereas other functional elements of IgG glycosylation did not change much with age. Gender was not an important predictor for any IgG glycan. An important observation is that competition between glycosyltransferases, which occurs in vitro, did not appear to be relevant in vivo, indicating that the final glycan structures are not a simple result of competing enzymatic activities, but a carefully regulated outcome designed to meet the prevailing physiological needs. Glycosylation is a widespread post-translational modification capable of producing significant structural changes to proteins. Contrary to the core N-glycan structure, which is essential for multicellular life (1Marek K.W. Vijay I.K. Marth J.D. A recessive deletion in the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase gene results in peri-implantation embryonic lethality.Glycobiology. 1999; 9: 1263-1271Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar), mutations in genes involved in modifications of glycan antennae are common and cause a large part of individual phenotypic variations that exist in humans and other higher organisms. Glycosylation of membrane receptors modulates adaptive properties of the cell membrane and affects communication between the cell and its environment (2Dennis J.W. Lau K.S. Demetriou M. Nabi I.R. Adaptive Regulation at the Cell Surface by N-Glycosylation.Traffic. 2009; 10: 1569-1578Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). Deregulation of glycosylation is associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, congenital, immunological and infectious disorders (3Crocker P.R. Paulson J.C. Varki A. Siglecs and their roles in the immune system.Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2007; 7: 255-266Crossref PubMed Scopus (1416) Google Scholar, 4Marth J.D. Grewal P.K. Mammalian glycosylation in immunity.Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008; 8: 874-887Crossref PubMed Scopus (529) Google Scholar, 5Ohtsubo K. Marth J.D. Glycosylation in cellular mechanisms of health and disease.Cell. 2006; 126: 855-867Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2092) Google Scholar). Variations in glycosylation are of great physiological significance because it has been demonstrated that changes in glycans significantly modulate the structure and function of polypeptide parts of glycoproteins (6Skropeta D. The effect of individual N-glycans on enzyme activity.Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009; 17: 2645-2653Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar), and a prominent example for this type of regulation is the immunoglobulin G (IgG). Each heavy chain of IgG carries a single covalently attached bi-antennary N-glycan at the highly conserved asparagine 297 residue in each of the CH2 domains of the Fc region of the molecule. The attached oligosaccharides are structurally important for the stability of the antibody and its effector functions (7Kobata A. The N-linked sugar chains of human immunoglobulin G: their unique pattern, and their functional roles.Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2008; 1780: 472-478Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). In addition, 15–20% of normal IgG molecules also bear complex bi-antennary oligosaccharides attached to the variable regions of the light chain, heavy chain or both (8Jefferis R. Glycosylation of recombinant antibody therapeutics.Biotechnol. Prog. 2005; 21: 11-16Crossref PubMed Scopus (445) Google Scholar, 9Zhu D. Ottensmeier C.H. Du M.Q. McCarthy H. Stevenson F.K. Incidence of potential glycosylation sites in immunoglobulin variable regions distinguishes between subsets of Burkitt's lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.Br. J. Haematol. 2003; 120: 217-222Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar). Decreased galactosylation of IgG glycans in rheumatoid arthritis was reported over 25 years ago (10Parekh R.B. Dwek R.A. Sutton B.J. Fernandes D.L. Leung A. Stanworth D. Rademacher T.W. Mizuochi T. Taniguchi T. Matsuta K. Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarthritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG.Nature. 1985; 316: 452-457Crossref PubMed Scopus (989) Google Scholar) and numerous subsequent studies of IgG glycosylation revealed a number of important functional consequences of structural alterations in IgG glycans. For example, the addition of sialic acids dramatically changes the physiological role of IgGs by converting them from pro-inflammatory into anti-inflammatory agents (11Kaneko Y. Nimmerjahn F. Ravetch J.V. Anti-inflammatory activity of immunoglobulin G resulting from Fc sialylation.Science. 2006; 313: 670-673Crossref PubMed Scopus (1384) Google Scholar, 12Anthony R.M. Ravetch J.V. A novel role for the IgG Fc glycan: the anti-inflammatory activity of sialylated IgG Fcs.J Clin Immunol 30 Suppl. 2010; 1: S9-14Crossref Scopus (242) Google Scholar). Another structural change to IgG glycans, the addition of fucose to the glycan core, interferes with binding of IgG to FcγRIIIa and dampens its ability to destroy target cells through antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 1The abbreviations used are: (13Nimmerjahn F. Ravetch J.V. Fcgamma receptors as regulators of immune responses.Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8: 34-47Crossref PubMed Scopus (2061) Google Scholar, 14Ferrara C. Stuart F. Sondermann P. Brünker P. Umana P. The carbohydrate at FcgammaRIIIa Asn-162. An element required for high affinity binding to non-fucosylated IgG glycoforms.J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: 5032-5036Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar). Lack of core fucose enhances the clinical efficacy of monoclonal antibodies, which exert their therapeutic effect by ADCC mediated killing (15Shinkawa T. Nakamura K. Yamane N. Shoji-Hosaka E. Kanda Y. Sakurada M. Uchida K. Anazawa H. Satoh M. Yamasaki M. Hanai N. Shitara K. The absence of fucose but not the presence of galactose or bisecting N-acetylglucosamine of human IgG1 complex-type oligosaccharides shows the critical role of enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 3466-3473Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1135) Google Scholar, 16Iida S. Misaka H. Inoue M. Shibata M. Nakano R. Yamane-Ohnuki N. Wakitani M. Yano K. Shitara K. Satoh M. Nonfucosylated therapeutic IgG1 antibody can evade the inhibitory effect of serum immunoglobulin G on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity through its high binding to FcgammaRIIIa.Clin Cancer Res. 2006; 12: 2879-2887Crossref PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar, 17Preithner S. Elm S. Lippold S. Locher M. Wolf A. da Silva A.J. Baeuerle P.A. Prang N.S. High concentrations of therapeutic IgG1 antibodies are needed to compensate for inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by excess endogenous immunoglobulin G.Mol. Immunol. 2006; 43: 1183-1193Crossref PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar). However, despite the undisputed importance of glycosylation for the function of IgGs, a large scale study that identifies the variability and heritability of IgG glycosylation in human populations has not been attempted. One of the major bottlenecks in large scale proteomics and glycomics studies is protein purification from a large number of samples. Affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography have been widely used, as they are versatile techniques for this purpose. A combination of affinity chromatography and monolithic supports exhibits many advantageous properties when compared with conventional particulate supports (18Barut M. Podgornik A. Urbas L. Gabor B. Brne P. Vidic J. Plevcak S. Strancar A. Methacrylate-based short monolithic columns: enabling tools for rapid and efficient analyses of biomolecules and nanoparticles.J. Sep. Sci. 2008; 31: 1867-1880Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar, 19Josić D. Buchacher A. Application of monoliths as supports for affinity chromatography and fast enzymatic conversion.J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 2001; 49: 153-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar, 20Jungbauer A. Hahn R. Polymethacrylate monoliths for preparative and industrial separation of biomolecular assemblies.J. Chromatogr. A. 2008; 1184: 62-79Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar, 21Roberts M.W. Ongkudon C.M. Forde G.M. Danquah M.K. Versatility of polymethacrylate monoliths for chromatographic purification of biomolecules.J. Sep. Sci. 2009; 32: 2485-2494Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 22Podgornik A. Strancar A. Convective Interaction Media (CIM)–short layer monolithic chromatographic stationary phases.Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 2005; 11: 281-333Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar). Monoliths are continuous stationary phases cast in a single piece with very large and highly interconnected pores (23Barut M. Podgornik A. Brne P. Strancar A. Convective interaction media short monolithic columns: enabling chromatographic supports for the separation and purification of large biomolecules.J. Sep. Sci. 2005; 28: 1876-1892Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). In comparison to particulate supports where molecules are transferred by diffusion, the high porosity of monoliths allows convective mass transport. This makes resolution and dynamic binding capacity practically independent of the flow rate (24Brne P. Podgornik A. Bencina K. Gabor B. Strancar A. Peterka M. Fast and efficient separation of immunoglobulin M from immunoglobulin G using short monolithic columns.J. Chromatogr. A. 2007; 1144: 120-125Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 25Iberer G. Hahn R. Jungbauer A. Monoliths as stationary phases for separation of biopolymers: the fourth generation of chromatography sorbents.LC-GC. 1999; : 998-1005Google Scholar, 26Urbas L. Brne P. Gabor B. Barut M. Strlic M. Petric T.C. Strancar A. Depletion of high-abundance proteins from human plasma using a combination of an affinity and pseudo-affinity column.J. Chromatogr. A. 2009; 1216: 2689-2694Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, 27Vlakh E.G. Tennikova T.B. Applications of polymethacrylate-based monoliths in high-performance liquid chromatography.J. Chromatogr. A. 2009; 1216: 2637-2650Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). High dynamic binding capacity for large molecules and high flow rates at a very low pressure drop enable rapid processing of large volumes of complex biological mixtures (28Tennikova T.B. Reusch J. Short monolithic beds: history and introduction to the field.J. Chromatogr. A. 2005; 1065: 13-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar). Polymethacrylate monoliths, specifically poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), possess all of the above mentioned characteristics of monolithic supports. In addition, they are also known for their good mechanical strength, pH resistance, high surface area, high porosity, and simple attachment of ligands to the epoxy groups (29Tetala K.K. van Beek T.A. Bioaffinity chromatography on monolithic supports.J. Sep. Sci. 2010; 33: 422-438Crossref PubMed Scopus (92) Google Scholar). One of the most commonly used bioaffinity ligands for the isolation of IgG is protein G (30Berruex L.G. Freitag R. Tennikova T.B. Comparison of antibody binding to immobilized group specific affinity ligands in high performance monolith affinity chromatography.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2000; 24: 95-104Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 31Gupalova T.V. Lojkina O.V. Pàlàgnuk V.G. Totolian A.A. Tennikova T.B. Quantitative investigation of the affinity properties of different recombinant forms of protein G by means of high-performance monolithic chromatography.J. Chromatogr. A. 2002; 949: 185-193Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 32Burnouf T. Goubran H. Radosevich M. Application of bioaffinity technology in therapeutic extracorporeal plasmapheresis and large-scale fractionation of human plasma.J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 1998; 715: 65-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). All four subclasses of human IgG strongly bind to protein G through their Fc fragments. Here we present the development and application of a 96-well Protein G monolithic plate for high throughput isolation of IgG and its application for the first large scale population study of the IgG glycome. Glycidyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, cyclohexanol, and 1-dodecanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Photoinitiator was purchased from CIBA (Basel, Switzerland) and Protein G from GE Healthcare (Uppsala, Sweden). Sodium acetate, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid (37%) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All the buffers were filtered through a 0.45 μm pore size filter composed of Sartolon polyamide (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). The 96-well plates with frits, mean pore size 36 microns, were purchased from Chromacol (Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom). Chemicals for buffer preparations (phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Tris, HCl, NaOH, formic acid, ammonium bicarbonate, propan-2-ol) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA) and Sigma-Aldrich. Chemicals for running the SDS-PAGE were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Sodium bicarbonate, dl-dithiothreitol, iodoacetamide, ammonium persulfate, 2-aminobenzamide, sodium cyanoborohydride, acetic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide were from Sigma-Aldrich and ultra pure water (Purite Fusion 40 water purification system, Purite Ltd., Thame, UK) were used throughout. This study was based on samples from respondents who were residents of the Croatian Adriatic islands Vis and Korčula or the Northern Scottish Orkney Islands and who were recruited within a larger genetic epidemiology program that sought to investigate genetic variability and map genes influencing common complex diseases and disease traits in genetically isolated populations (33Rudan I. Campbell H. Rudan P. Genetic epidemiological studies of eastern Adriatic Island isolates, Croatia: objective and strategies.Coll. Antropol. 1999; 23: 531-546PubMed Google Scholar, 34Rudan I. Biloglav Z. Vorko-Jović A. Kujundzic-Tiljak M. Stevanović R. Ropac D. Puntarić D. Cucević B. Salzer B. Campbell H. Effects of inbreeding, endogamy, genetic admixture, and outbreeding on human health: a (1001 Dalmatians) study.Croat. Med. J. 2006; 47: 601-610PubMed Google Scholar). The genetic-epidemiology program on the islands began in 2002, and continues today. The sampling framework was based on the voting register in Croatia, which was used to send postal invitations to all adult inhabitants (over 18 years of age); in Orkney subjects were volunteers from the Orkney Complex Disease Study, again aged over 18 years. The sample for this study consisted of 906 subjects from the Vis island (39.4%), 915 (39.8%) from Korčula island and 477 from the Orkney islands (20.8%) totaling to 2298 individuals. The age range for the entire sample was 18–100 years (median age 56, interquartile range 22 years). There were 894 men (39.2%) and 1384 women in the sample (60.8%), for 20 people gender data were missing. Heritability analysis was performed for the Vis Island sample only, because of a more extensive number of familial links. The genealogical information was reconstructed based on the Church Parish records and information provided by the subjects, and then checked against genetic data on allele sharing between relatives as a quality control measure to exclude data errors. The sample contained a total of 809 genealogical relationships (including 205 parent-child, 123 sibling, and 481 other relationships). The Korčula sample contained a much lower number of familial links and because of large standard errors arising from rather shallow genealogical records, we did not calculate heritability estimates for the Korčula island sample. All of the members of the three sample groups were interviewed by one of the trained surveyors, based on an extensive questionnaire (35Campbell H. Carothers A.D. Rudan I. Hayward C. Biloglav Z. Barac L. Pericic M. Janicijevic B. Smolej-Narancic N. Polasek O. Kolcic I. Weber J.L. Hastie N.D. Rudan P. Wright A.F. Effects of genome-wide heterozygosity on a range of biomedically relevant human quantitative traits.Hum. Mol. Genet. 2007; 16: 233-241Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar). The questionnaire collected data on personal characteristics (name, date, and place of birth, gender, marital status, education level and occupation), selected health-related lifestyle variables (such as diet and smoking status), health complaints, drug intake and hospitalization records. Blood was taken in epruvetes containing anticoagulant and immediately processed; plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored at −70 °C. This study conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. All respondents signed an informed consent form before participating in the study and the study was approved by the appropriate Ethics Board of the University of Zagreb Medical School and by Research Ethics Committees in Orkney and Aberdeen. The 96-well plates consisting of a polymethacrylate (poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate)) monolithic stationary phase with protein G coupled to the epoxy groups and casted inside each well was custom designed and prepared by BIA Separations (Ljubljana, Slovenia). The basic monolith was synthesized by a free-radical polymerization of GMA and a cross-linking agent, EDMA, in the presence of porogenic solvents, cyclohexanol and dodecanol (60 vol.% of the reaction mixture) as described by Tennikova et al. (36Tennikova T.B. Belenkii B.G. Švec F. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1990; 13: 63-70Crossref Scopus (331) Google Scholar), but instead of thermally initiated polymerization, UV polymerization was used. The preparation of the monolithic stationary phase is a simple process and the polymerization mixture, which consists of monomers and porogens, is polymerized by applying heat and UV light. In both types of polymerization, an important property of a monolithic macroporous material is the pore size distribution. The photoinduced copolymerization of 150 μl of the mixtures of monomers, cross-linking agent, photoinitiator, and porogenic solvents was performed at room temperature directly in each well of 96 plates. The mixture was irradiated with a constant intensity from a 5 × 8 W mercury lamp using a wavelength of 312 nm (UVItec Ltd, Cambridge, UK) with an exposure time of up to 180 min. Although the instrument does not enable active cooling, the temperature did not exceed 30 °C thus effectively excluding thermal initiation. After the polymerization was completed, each well of the 96-well plate was extensively washed with ethanol to wash out the porogenic solvents and other soluble compounds. The average pore size was determined by intrusive mercury porosimetry (PASCAL 440 porosimeter, Thermoquest Italia, Rodano, Italy). The pore size distribution of the monoliths were around 700 nm, which is comparable to thermally polymerized monoliths (37Monolithic Materials: Preparation, Properties and Applications.in: Barut M. Podgornik A. Merhar M. Štrancar A.F. Švec T. Tennikova B. Deyl Z. Journal of Chromatography Library. vol. 67. Elsevier, Amsterdam2003: 51Google Scholar). The immobilization of protein G on the monoliths in the 96-well plate was performed by flushing the monoliths with protein G solution prepared in a buffer solution of sodium acetate. Afterward the monoliths were flushed with deionized water and the deactivation of the remaining epoxy groups was performed with 0.5 M solution of sulfuric acid. Before use, the monolithic plate was washed with 10 column volumes (CV) of ultra pure water and then equilibrated with 10 CV of binding buffer (1X PBS, pH 7.4). Plasma samples (50 μl) were diluted 10 × with the binding buffer and applied to the Protein G plate. The filtration of the samples was completed in ∼5 min. The plate was then washed five times with 5 CV of binding buffer to remove unbound proteins. IgG was released from the protein G monoliths using 5 CV of elution solvent (0.1 M formic acid, pH 2.5). Eluates were collected in a 96-deep-well plate and immediately neutralized to pH 7.0 with neutralization buffer (1 M ammonium bicarbonate) to maintain the IgG stability. After each sample application, the monoliths were regenerated with the following buffers: 10 CV of 10 × PBS, followed by 10 CV of 0.1 M formic acid and afterward 10 CV of 1 × PBS to re-equilibrate the monoliths. Each step of the chromatographic procedure was done under vacuum (cca. 60 mmHg pressure reduction while applying the samples, 500 mmHg during elution and washing steps) using a manual set-up consisting of a multichannel pipet, a vacuum manifold (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) and a vacuum pump (Pall Life Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI). If the plate was not used for a short period, it was stored in 20% ethanol (v/v) at 4 °C. After repeated use of the plate contaminants present in the sample sometimes did not completely elute from the monolithic stationary phase. A specific cleaning protocol was developed that included washing with 0.1 M NaOH to remove precipitated proteins and with 30% propan-2-ol to remove strongly bound hydrophobic proteins or lipids. This procedure effectively removed all precipitates and did not significantly diminish IgG binding capacity of the immobilized protein G. The purity of the isolated IgG was verified by SDS-PAGE with NuPAGE Novex 4–12% Bis-Tris gels in an Xcell SureLock Mini-Cell (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer. Precision Plus Protein All Blue Standards (BioRad, Hercules, CA) was used as the molecular weight marker. The gels were run at 180 V for 45 min, stained with GelCode Blue (Pierce) and visualized by a VersaDoc Imaging System (BioRad). Glycan release and labeling was performed as reported previously (38Knežević A. Polašek O. Gornik O. Rudan I. Campbell H. Hayward C. Wright A. Kolčić I. O'Donoghue N. Bones J. Rudd P.M. Lauc G. Variability, Heritability and Environmental Determinants of Human Plasma N-Glycome.J. Proteome Res. 2009; 8: 694-701Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar). Plasma proteins were immobilized in a block of SDS-polyacrylamide gel and N-glycans were released by digestion with recombinant N-glycosidase F (ProZyme, CA). This was done in a 96-well microtiter plate to achieve the best throughput of sample preparation. After extraction, glycans were fluorescently labeled with 2-aminobenzamide. The following enzymes, all purchased from ProZyme (San Leandro, CA), were used for digestions: Sialidase A™/NANase III (recombinant gene from Arthrobacter ureafaciens, expressed in Escherichia coli), 5 mU; α(1–2,3,4,6)fucosidase (bovine kidney), 1.25 mU; α(1–3,4)-fucosidase (almond meal), 1.6 mU; β(1–3,4)-galactosidase (bovine testis), 5 mU; β(1–4)-galactosidase (Streptococcus pneumoniae), 2 mU; β-N-acetylhexosaminidase/HEXase I (recombinant gene from Streptococcus pneumoniae, expressed in E. coli), 40 mU; α(1–2,3,6)-mannosidase (jack bean), 150 mU. Aliquots of the 2-AB labeled glycan pool were dried down and digested in a mixture of enzymes, corresponding 1X concentrated manufacturers buffer and water in total volume of 5 μl. After overnight incubation at 37 °C, enzymes were removed by filtration through the AcroPrep 96 Filter Plates, 10K (Pall Corporation, MI, USA). Digested glycans were then separated by HILIC-UPLC for comparison against an undigested equivalent. Fluorescently labeled N-glycans were separated by ultra performance liquid chromatography on a Waters Acquity UPLC instrument consisting of a quaternary solvent manager, sample manager and a FLR fluorescence detector set with excitation and emission wavelengths of 330 and 420 nm, respectively. The instrument was under the control of Empower 2 software, build 2145 (Waters, Milford, MA). Labeled N-glycans were separated on a Waters BEH Glycan chromatography column, 100 × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm BEH particles, with 100 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.4, as solvent A and acetonitrile as solvent B. Recently reported methods for UPLC profiling of glycans (39Ahn J. Bones J. Yu Y.Q. Rudd P.M. Gilar M. Separation of 2-aminobenzamide labeled glycans using hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns packed with 1.7 microm sorbent.J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2010; 878: 403-408Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar, 40Bones J. Mittermayr S. O'Donoghue N. Guttman A. Rudd P.M. Ultra performance liquid chromatographic profiling of serum N-glycans for fast and efficient identification of cancer associated alterations in glycosylation.Anal Chem. 2010; 82: 10208-10215Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar) were used as a starting point for the development of the separation method that used linear gradient of 75–62% acetonitrile at flow rate of 0.4 ml/min in a 20 min analytical run. Samples were maintained at 5 °C before injection, and the separation temperature was 60 °C. The system was calibrated using an external standard of hydrolyzed and 2-AB labeled glucose oligomers from which the retention times for the individual glycans were converted to glucose units. Data processing was performed using an automatic processing method with a traditional integration algorithm after which each chromatogram was manually corrected to maintain the same intervals of integration for all the samples. The chromatograms obtained were all separated in the same manner into 24 peaks and the amount of glycans in each peak was expressed as % of total integrated area. Before MS analysis of each glycan peak, the 2-AB labeled IgG N-glycan pool was fractionated by hydrophilic interaction high performance liquid chromatography (HILIC) on a 100 × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm BEH particles column using a linear gradient of 75–62% acetonitrile with 100 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.4, as solvent A and acetonitrile as solvent B. UltiMate Dual Gradient LC system (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA) controlled by Chromeleon software and connected to FP-2020 Plus fluorescence detector (Jasco, Easton, MD) was used. To obtain the same separation as with UPLC system, flow was adjusted to 0.3 ml/min and analytical run time was prolonged to 60 min. Collected fractions were dried by vacuum centrifugation and resuspended in water. Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. MS analysis of the collected glycan fractions was performed using an Ultimate 3000 nano-LC system (Dionex/LC Packings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) equipped with a reverse phase trap column (C18 PepMap 100Å, 5 μm, 300 μm × 5 mm; Dionex/LC Packings) and a nano column (C18 PepMap 100Å, 3 μm, 75 μm × 150 mm; Dionex/LC Packings). The column was equilibrated at room temperature with eluent A (0.1% formic acid in water) at a flow rate of 300 nL/min. For fractions with disialylated glycans, extra 0.04% of trifluoroacetic acid was added to the eluent A. After injection of