Rare autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease is caused by mutations in the genes encoding uromodulin (UMOD), hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF1B), renin (REN), and mucin-1 (MUC1). Multiple names have been proposed for these disorders, including ‘Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease (MCKD) type 2’, ‘Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy (FJHN)’, or ‘Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease (UAKD)’ for UMOD-related diseases and ‘MCKD type 1’ for the disease caused by MUC1 mutations. The multiplicity of these terms, and the fact that cysts are not pathognomonic, creates confusion. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) proposes adoption of a new terminology for this group of diseases using the term ‘Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease’ (ADTKD) appended by a gene-based subclassification, and suggests diagnostic criteria. Implementation of these recommendations is anticipated to facilitate recognition and characterization of these monogenic diseases. A better understanding of these rare disorders may be relevant for the tubulointerstitial fibrosis component in many forms of chronic kidney disease. Rare autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease is caused by mutations in the genes encoding uromodulin (UMOD), hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF1B), renin (REN), and mucin-1 (MUC1). Multiple names have been proposed for these disorders, including ‘Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease (MCKD) type 2’, ‘Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy (FJHN)’, or ‘Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease (UAKD)’ for UMOD-related diseases and ‘MCKD type 1’ for the disease caused by MUC1 mutations. The multiplicity of these terms, and the fact that cysts are not pathognomonic, creates confusion. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) proposes adoption of a new terminology for this group of diseases using the term ‘Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease’ (ADTKD) appended by a gene-based subclassification, and suggests diagnostic criteria. Implementation of these recommendations is anticipated to facilitate recognition and characterization of these monogenic diseases. A better understanding of these rare disorders may be relevant for the tubulointerstitial fibrosis component in many forms of chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) reflects a severe and growing health burden.1.Eckardt K.U. Coresh J. Devuyst O. et al.Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden.Lancet. 2013; 382: 158-169Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (743) Google Scholar Diabetes, arterial hypertension/atherosclerosis, and immune-mediated glomerular diseases are considered the main causes of CKD. However, the etiology of kidney diseases is often not firmly established and, in many patients, remains unknown.2.Titze S. Schmid M. Kottgen A. et al.Disease burden and risk profile in referred patients with moderate chronic kidney disease: composition of the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) cohort.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014; pii: gfu294Google Scholar Despite increasing knowledge about inherited kidney disorders,3.Devuyst O. Knoers N.V. Remuzzi G. et al.Rare inherited kidney diseases: challenges, opportunities, and perspectives.Lancet. 2014; 383: 1844-1859Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar a monogenic disorder is currently identified in fewer than 10% of CKD patients. However, unexplained familial clustering among dialysis patients suggests that genetic causes of CKD may be underrecognized.1.Eckardt K.U. Coresh J. Devuyst O. et al.Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden.Lancet. 2013; 382: 158-169Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (743) Google Scholar, 3.Devuyst O. Knoers N.V. Remuzzi G. et al.Rare inherited kidney diseases: challenges, opportunities, and perspectives.Lancet. 2014; 383: 1844-1859Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar, 4.Freedman B.I. Volkova N.V. Satko S.G. et al.Population-based screening for family history of end-stage renal disease among incident dialysis patients.Am J Nephrol. 2005; 25: 529-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) has received significant attention over recent decades, resulting in an increased understanding of the pathogenesis and the establishment of diagnostic criteria, as well as leading to a growing number of interventional trials.5.Torres V.E. Harris P.C. Polycystic kidney disease in 2011: Connecting the dots toward a polycystic kidney disease therapy.Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012; 8: 66-68Crossref Scopus (28) Google Scholar A less commonly encountered group of nonglomerular autosomal dominant kidney diseases, characterized by progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis and progression to end-stage renal disease, has also been described over many years.6.Bennett W.M. Simon N. Gardner Jr, K.D. Cystic disease of renal medulla.Ann Intern Med. 1971; 74: 1011-1012Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 7.Christodoulou K. Tsingis M. Stavrou C. et al.Chromosome 1 localization of a gene for autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease.Hum Mol Genet. 1998; 7: 905-911Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar, 8.Dahan K. Fuchshuber A. Adamis S. et al.Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy and autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease type 2: two facets of the same disease?.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001; 12: 2348-2357PubMed Google Scholar, 9.Gardner Jr, K.D. Evolution of clinical signs in adult-onset cystic disease of the renal medulla.Ann Intern Med. 1971; 74: 47-54Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar, 10.Massari P.U. Hsu C.H. Barnes R.V. et al.Familial hyperuricemia and renal disease.Arch Intern Med. 1980; 140: 680-684Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar, 11.Parvari R. Shnaider A. Basok A. et al.Clinical and genetic characterization of an autosomal dominant nephropathy.Am J Med Genet. 2001; 99: 204-209Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, 12.Scolari F. Ghiggeri G.M. Casari G. et al.Autosomal dominant medullary cystic disease: a disorder with variable clinical pictures and exclusion of linkage with the NPH1 locus.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998; 13: 2536-2546Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 13.Smith C.H. Graham J.B. Congenital medullary cysts of the kidneys with severe refractory anemia.Am J Dis Child. 1945; 69: 369-377Google Scholar, 14.Stavrou C. Koptides M. Tombazos C. et al.Autosomal-dominant medullary cystic kidney disease type 1: clinical and molecular findings in six large Cypriot families.Kidney Int. 2002; 62: 1385-1394Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 15.Thompson G.R. Weiss J.J. Goldman R.T. et al.Familial occurrence of hyperuricemia, gout, and medullary cystic disease.Arch Intern Med. 1978; 138: 1614-1617Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar Four genes with disease-causing mutations have been identified thus far: uromodulin (UMOD),16.Dahan K. Devuyst O. Smaers M. et al.A cluster of mutations in the UMOD gene causes familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy with abnormal expression of uromodulin.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14: 2883-2893Crossref PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar, 17.Hart T.C. Gorry M.C. Hart P.S. et al.Mutations of the UMOD gene are responsible for medullary cystic kidney disease 2 and familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy.J Med Genet. 2002; 39: 882-892Crossref PubMed Scopus (378) Google Scholar, 18.Rampoldi L. Caridi G. Santon D. et al.Allelism of MCKD, FJHN and GCKD caused by impairment of uromodulin export dynamics.Hum Mol Genet. 2003; 12: 3369-3384Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar, 19.Turner J.J. Stacey J.M. Harding B. et al.Uromodulin mutations cause familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88: 1398-1401Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar, 20.Wolf M.T. Mucha B.E. Attanasio M. et al.Mutations of the Uromodulin gene in MCKD type 2 patients cluster in exon 4, which encodes three EGF-like domains.Kidney Int. 2003; 64: 1580-1587Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar renin (REN),21.Zivna M. Hulkova H. Matignon M. et al.Dominant renin gene mutations associated with early-onset hyperuricemia, anemia, and chronic kidney failure.Am J Hum Genet. 2009; 85: 204-213Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1B)22.Lindner T.H. Njolstad P.R. Horikawa Y. et al.A novel syndrome of diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction and genital malformation associated with a partial deletion of the pseudo-POU domain of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta.Hum Mol Genet. 1999; 8: 2001-2008Crossref PubMed Scopus (307) Google Scholar, and, most recently, mucin-1 (MUC1).23.Kirby A. Gnirke A. Jaffe D.B. et al.Mutations causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1 lie in a large VNTR in MUC1 missed by massively parallel sequencing.Nat Genet. 2013; 45: 299-303Crossref PubMed Scopus (184) Google Scholar Of note, all these genes are expressed in tubular cells of the intermediate and/or distal nephron, and, in the case of UMOD, exclusively in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle’s loop. The clinical manifestations of diseases caused by mutations in UMOD, MUC1, and REN appear to be confined to the kidney, whereas HNF1B mutations result in variable extrarenal manifestations.24.Faguer S. Decramer S. Chassaing N. et al.Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 768-776Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar,25.Heidet L. Decramer S. Pawtowski A. et al.Spectrum of HNF1B mutations in a large cohort of patients who harbor renal diseases.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5: 1079-1090Crossref PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar Nevertheless, a minority of HNF1B-related disease patients presents solely with progressive kidney interstitial fibrosis and thus also needs to be considered in this context. Many terms have been used over the years to describe the corresponding subentities of inherited tubulointerstitial kidney diseases, the most frequent being Medullary Cystic Kidney Diseases (MCKD). We now know that MCKD type 1 is due to MUC1 mutations and MCKD type 2 is caused by UMOD mutations. However, investigators have repeatedly pointed out that neither tubular microcysts nor larger cysts detected by clinical imaging are pathognomonic for these diseases. Moreover, the medulla appears not to be a specific location for the occasionally observed cysts.26.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Antignac C. et al.Variable clinical presentation of an MUC1 mutation causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 28.Ekici A.B. Hackenbeck T. Moriniere V. et al.Renal fibrosis is the common feature of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases caused by mutations in mucin 1 or uromodulin.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 589-599Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar Thus, these terms are misleading. Additional terms that have been used to describe these conditions include the following: Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy, Hereditary Interstitial Kidney Diseases, Tubulointerstitial Nephritis, and, as recently proposed, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease (ADTKD).29.Bleyer A.J. Hart P.S. Kmoch S. Hereditary interstitial kidney disease.Semin Nephrol. 2010; 30: 366-373Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar, 30.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease: of names and genes.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 459-461Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 31.Bleyer A.J. Zivna M. Kmoch S. Uromodulin-associated kidney disease.Nephron Clin Pract. 2011; 118: c31-c36Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar, 32.Rampoldi L. Scolari F. Amoroso A. et al.The rediscovery of uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein): from tubulointerstitial nephropathy to chronic kidney disease.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 338-347Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar It is highly likely that the use of such variable (and in some ways misleading) nomenclature and the lack of uniform diagnostic criteria have hampered both detection of these diseases and their systematic study. Therefore, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) recently hosted a consensus conference to develop a proposal for a uniform terminology and a rational clinical approach to these types of inherited diseases. The topic was considered timely for three main reasons: (1) With the recent identification of MUC1, identification of the four genes that cause most, albeit not all, of the cases resulting in the clinical syndrome has apparently been achieved; (2) there is growing interest to delineate the clinical features and diagnostic criteria for these disorders; (3) emerging opportunities for genetic testing will create novel diagnostic options for routine clinical practice, but will require expertise in indications, interpretation, and technical aspects. This KDIGO consensus report summarizes the recommendations developed at this conference. (The conference took place in Boston on 10–11 September 2014. All participants are listed as authors, contributed to meeting preparations, and agreed on the content of this report. K-UE and OD co-chaired the meeting.) We recommend that the term ADTKD be used to describe these diseases. The term ADTKD offers several advantages: (1) It reflects the genetic cause and inheritance pattern; (2) it summarizes phenotypic conformity of a family of diseases caused by mutations in different genes; (3) it allows definition of cases as ‘suspected’ on clinical grounds (before or in the absence of histologic or genetic testing); (4) it differentiates from other autosomal dominant diseases of tubular origin (e.g., ADPKD and distal renal tubular acidosis); (5) it avoids misnomers that have arisen in the past (e.g., MCKD); and (6) it is simple and easy to use. It is recognized that, in a strict sense, the clinical representation of ADTKD as defined here reflects a ‘syndrome’ rather than one disease. However, for practical reasons and in accordance with established usage, we believe that the term ‘disease’ is justified. It is also for practical reasons that we recommend using the singular rather than plural, despite the multiple disease types distinguishable on a genetic basis. In this respect, the term ADTKD shares some similarities with ADPKD, which also describes a disease with similar clinical manifestation and morphology caused by mutations in more than one gene. Although the analogy between ADTKD and ADPKD may help implementation of the new term, it could potentially cause errors owing to similarity of the acronyms. However, as the phenotypes of ADPKD and ADTKD present major clinical differences, we believe that risk is low. We further suggest that a subclassification of ADTKD be based on the underlying genetic defect and that the affected gene, if identified, be included in the disease term (Table 1). The alternative possibility to use numbered subcategories (type 1, type 2, and so on) might have some advantages. However, as long as the disease classification criterion is based solely on the underlying gene defect, such a numerical nomenclature would create a ‘translation step’ (and thus a possible source of error) without providing additional information. Should new evidence become available about disease prevalence, additional causative genes, genotype/phenotype correlations, or important phenotypic differences among patients within or beyond the current gene-based categories, the proposed nomenclature may require re-evaluation.Table 1New gene-based classification and terminology of different types of ADTKDCausal GeneProposed terminologyPreviously used terminologyUMODADTKD–UMODUKD (Uromodulin Kidney Disease)aThese terms may be easier to use in communicating with patients.UAKD (Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease)FJHN (Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy)MCKD2 (Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease type 2)MUC1ADTKD–MUC1MKD (Mucin-1 Kidney Disease)aThese terms may be easier to use in communicating with patients.MCKD1 (Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease type 1)RENADTKD–RENFJHN2 (Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy type 2)HNF1BADTKD–HNF1BMODY5 (Maturity-Onset Diabetes mellitus of the Young type 5)RCAD (Renal Cyst and Diabetes Syndrome)Not known; i.e., not otherwise specified (either not tested or genetic test without definitive result)ADTKD—NOSAbbreviations: ADTKD, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease; HNF1B, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β; MUC1, mucin-1; NOS, not otherwise specified; REN, renin; UMOD, uromodulin.a These terms may be easier to use in communicating with patients. Open table in a new tab Abbreviations: ADTKD, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease; HNF1B, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β; MUC1, mucin-1; NOS, not otherwise specified; REN, renin; UMOD, uromodulin. A limitation of the term ADTKD and its proposed subclassifications is that their use in communication with patients may not be easy. To address this practical concern, more colloquial terms, such as Uromodulin Kidney Disease or Mucin-1 Kidney Disease, could be used in parallel with the proposed formal term ADTKD. However, we strongly recommend that the use of the misleading term ‘MCKD’ be henceforth discontinued. The central unifying characteristic of ADTKD is that most clinical and laboratory findings (Table 2), as well as histological findings (Table 3), are largely nonspecific. Apart from the findings that are almost uniform, some features appear to be relatively specific for individual genetic subcategories (Table 4).Table 2Usual clinical findings in patients with ADTKD• Autosomal dominant inheritance• Progressive loss of kidney function• Bland urinary sediment• Absent-to-mild albuminuria/proteinuria• No severe hypertension during early stages• No drug exposure potentially causing tubulointerstitial nephritis• Normal or small-sized kidneys on ultrasound• Nocturia or enuresis in children (owing to loss of renal concentration ability)Abbreviation: ADTKD, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease. Open table in a new tab Table 3Usual findings on renal histology in patients with ADTKD• Interstitial fibrosis• Tubular atrophy• Thickening and lamellation of tubular basement membranes• Possibly tubular dilatation (microcysts)• Negative immunofluorescence for complement and immunoglobulinsAbbreviation: ADTKD, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease. Open table in a new tab Table 4Possible but not obligatory findings according to the underlying genetic defect (patient or family)UMODMUC1RENHNF1BClinical/imagingEarly gout (for age), occasional renal cysts (usually not medullary)26.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Antignac C. et al.Variable clinical presentation of an MUC1 mutation causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 28.Ekici A.B. Hackenbeck T. Moriniere V. et al.Renal fibrosis is the common feature of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases caused by mutations in mucin 1 or uromodulin.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 589-599Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google ScholarNo characteristic findings, occasional renal cysts (usually not medullary)26.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Antignac C. et al.Variable clinical presentation of an MUC1 mutation causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 28.Ekici A.B. Hackenbeck T. Moriniere V. et al.Renal fibrosis is the common feature of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases caused by mutations in mucin 1 or uromodulin.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 589-599Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google ScholarMild hypotension, increased risk for AKI, anemia during childhoodMODY5, few bilateral renal cysts, genital abnormalities, pancreatic atrophyPresentation during childhoodRare (occasionally with gout)NoneFrequentFrequent (prenatal ultrasound findings)LaboratoryHyperuricemia, low fractional excretion of urate (<5%), low urinary excretion of uromodulinNone yet describedHyperuricemia and hyperkalemia, low urinary excretion of uromodulinHypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, liver function test abnormalitiesHistologyIntracellular uromodulin deposits in TAL profilesIntracellular accumulation of MUC1-fs in distal tubulesaThis test is currently available only in selected research laboratories.Reduced renin staining in cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatusAbbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; HNF1B, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β; MODY5, maturity onset diabetes mellitus of the young type 5; MUC1, mucin-1; MUC1-fs, mucin-1 frameshift protein; REN, renin; TAL, thick ascending limb of Henle's loop; UMOD, uromodulin.a This test is currently available only in selected research laboratories. Open table in a new tab Abbreviation: ADTKD, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease. Abbreviation: ADTKD, Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease. Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; HNF1B, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β; MODY5, maturity onset diabetes mellitus of the young type 5; MUC1, mucin-1; MUC1-fs, mucin-1 frameshift protein; REN, renin; TAL, thick ascending limb of Henle's loop; UMOD, uromodulin. Typically, there is a positive family history in ADTKD, with a number of family members involved, but the disease may not be diagnosed in all affected individuals—e.g., owing to death before disease manifestation or variable rates of disease progression. In addition, de novo mutations may occur (particularly for HNF1B). Penetrance of the different types of ADTKD appears close to 100% if patients live long enough. However, disease severity and age of disease onset may vary among affected individuals within and between families. Thus, individuals with UMOD mutations were reported to reach end-stage renal disease between the ages of 25 and 70 years or older, and those with a history of gout experienced its onset between the ages of 3 and 51 years.27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar,33.Moskowitz J.L. Piret S.E. Lhotta K. et al.Association between genotype and phenotype in uromodulin-associated kidney disease.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013; 8: 1349-1357Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar Patients harboring mutations in HNF1B may present their first renal manifestations during the antenatal period or in childhood.24.Faguer S. Decramer S. Chassaing N. et al.Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 768-776Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar In a series of 35 individuals, end-stage renal disease was reached in a minority of subjects between the ages of 7 and 48 years.24.Faguer S. Decramer S. Chassaing N. et al.Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 768-776Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar Occasionally, nephronophthisis may present in young adults with characteristics suggestive of ADTKD, but autosomal recessive inheritance distinguishes it from ADTKD3.Devuyst O. Knoers N.V. Remuzzi G. et al.Rare inherited kidney diseases: challenges, opportunities, and perspectives.Lancet. 2014; 383: 1844-1859Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar (although pseudo-dominant cases of nephronophthisis have been described34.Hoefele J. Nayir A. Chaki M. et al.Pseudodominant inheritance of nephronophthisis caused by a homozygous NPHP1 deletion.Pediatr Nephrol. 2011; 26: 967-971Crossref Scopus (19) Google Scholar). The rate of decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate is highly variable in ADTKD-UMOD,27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar ADTKD-MUC1,26.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Antignac C. et al.Variable clinical presentation of an MUC1 mutation causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar and ADTKD-HNF1B.24.Faguer S. Decramer S. Chassaing N. et al.Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 768-776Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar The age of onset of kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) varies widely among and within families, and usually lies between ages 20 and 80 years, with most individuals requiring RRT between ages 30 and 50 years. The urinary sediment is typically normal, but occasionally microhematuria can occur.24.Faguer S. Decramer S. Chassaing N. et al.Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 768-776Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar, 26.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Antignac C. et al.Variable clinical presentation of an MUC1 mutation causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar Proteinuria is typically mild or absent.24.Faguer S. Decramer S. Chassaing N. et al.Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 768-776Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar, 26.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Antignac C. et al.Variable clinical presentation of an MUC1 mutation causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar Only rarely has glomerular involvement been found (e.g., secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or glomerulocystic disease).18.Rampoldi L. Caridi G. Santon D. et al.Allelism of MCKD, FJHN and GCKD caused by impairment of uromodulin export dynamics.Hum Mol Genet. 2003; 12: 3369-3384Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar,35.Lens X.M. Banet J.F. Outeda P. et al.A novel pattern of mutation in uromodulin disorders: autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease type 2, familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy, and autosomal dominant glomerulocystic kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 46: 52-57Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar The initially normal kidney size declines with advancing disease. Although renal cysts of varying number and size can occur, their frequency is no higher than in other ‘non-cystic’ kidney diseases.24.Faguer S. Decramer S. Chassaing N. et al.Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood.Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 768-776Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar, 26.Bleyer A.J. Kmoch S. Antignac C. et al.Variable clinical presentation of an MUC1 mutation causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 27.Bollee G. Dahan K. Flamant M. et al.Phenotype and outcome in hereditary tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to UMOD mutations.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 2429-2438Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 28.Ekici A.B. Hackenbeck T. Moriniere V. et al.Renal fibrosis is the common feature of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases caused by mutations in mucin 1 or uromodulin.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 589-599Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar These cysts are generally found in advanced rather than in early stages of CKD, and thus they are certainly not causing the decline in glomerular filtration rate. Patients typically have no history of arterial hypertension preceding the onset of impaired kidney function. With progressive disease, blood pressure may increase, but usually only modestly. Renal histology shows interstitial fibrosis with tubular atrophy and normal glomeruli. Thickening and lamellation of tubular basement membranes is a frequent finding.8.Dahan K. Fuchshuber A. Adamis S. et al.Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy and autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease type 2: two facets of the same disease?.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001; 12: 2348-2357PubMed Google Scholar, 14.Stavrou C. Koptides M. Tombazos C. et al.Autosomal-dominant med