Mice overexpressing eIF4E show autism-related behaviours and altered synaptic activity in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum, and these phenotypes can be rescued with the cap-dependent translation inhibitor 4EGI-1. Aberrant protein synthesis has been hypothesized as one causal mechanism of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but the details of which pathways are disrupted remain unknown. Disruption of eIF4E, a key factor for translation initiation, has been associated with human autism, and now two independent papers implicate excessive cap-dependent translation in synaptic and ASD-related behavioural deficits in mice. Nahum Sonenberg and colleagues show that mice lacking 4E-BP2, an eIF4E repressor, display increased translation of neuroligins, synaptic proteins strongly implicated in autism. The mice also display ASD-related behaviors and alterations in hippocampal synaptic activity, which are reversed by normalization of eIF4E activity or neuroligin 1 levels. Eric Klann and colleagues show that mice overexpressing eIF4E also display ASD-related behaviours and altered synaptic activity in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum, and that some phenotypes can be rescued with the cap-dependent translation inhibitor 4EGI-1. The converging results from these two studies implicate cap-dependent translation as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of ASD-related symptoms. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are an early onset, heterogeneous group of heritable neuropsychiatric disorders with symptoms that include deficits in social interaction skills, impaired communication abilities, and ritualistic-like repetitive behaviours1,2. One of the hypotheses for a common molecular mechanism underlying ASDs is altered translational control resulting in exaggerated protein synthesis3. Genetic variants in chromosome 4q, which contains the EIF4E locus, have been described in patients with autism4,5. Importantly, a rare single nucleotide polymorphism has been identified in autism that is associated with increased promoter activity in the EIF4E gene6. Here we show that genetically increasing the levels of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in mice7 results in exaggerated cap-dependent translation and aberrant behaviours reminiscent of autism, including repetitive and perseverative behaviours and social interaction deficits. Moreover, these autistic-like behaviours are accompanied by synaptic pathophysiology in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. The autistic-like behaviours displayed by the eIF4E-transgenic mice are corrected by intracerebroventricular infusions of the cap-dependent translation inhibitor 4EGI-1. Our findings demonstrate a causal relationship between exaggerated cap-dependent translation, synaptic dysfunction and aberrant behaviours associated with autism.