Article1 April 1998free access Btk/Tec kinases regulate sustained increases in intracellular Ca2+ following B-cell receptor activation Anne-Catherine Fluckiger Anne-Catherine Fluckiger Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Zuomei Li Zuomei Li Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Roberta M. Kato Roberta M. Kato Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1752 USA Search for more papers by this author Matthew I. Wahl Matthew I. Wahl Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Hans D. Ochs Hans D. Ochs Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-6320 USA Search for more papers by this author Richard Longnecker Richard Longnecker Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA Search for more papers by this author Jean-Pierre Kinet Jean-Pierre Kinet Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215 USA Search for more papers by this author Owen N. Witte Owen N. Witte Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Andrew M. Scharenberg Andrew M. Scharenberg Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215 USA Search for more papers by this author David J. Rawlings Corresponding Author David J. Rawlings Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1752 USA Search for more papers by this author Anne-Catherine Fluckiger Anne-Catherine Fluckiger Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Zuomei Li Zuomei Li Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Roberta M. Kato Roberta M. Kato Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1752 USA Search for more papers by this author Matthew I. Wahl Matthew I. Wahl Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Hans D. Ochs Hans D. Ochs Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-6320 USA Search for more papers by this author Richard Longnecker Richard Longnecker Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA Search for more papers by this author Jean-Pierre Kinet Jean-Pierre Kinet Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215 USA Search for more papers by this author Owen N. Witte Owen N. Witte Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA Search for more papers by this author Andrew M. Scharenberg Andrew M. Scharenberg Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215 USA Search for more papers by this author David J. Rawlings Corresponding Author David J. Rawlings Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1752 USA Search for more papers by this author Author Information Anne-Catherine Fluckiger1, Zuomei Li1, Roberta M. Kato2, Matthew I. Wahl1, Hans D. Ochs3, Richard Longnecker4, Jean-Pierre Kinet5, Owen N. Witte1,6, Andrew M. Scharenberg5 and David J. Rawlings 2 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA 2Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1752 USA 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-6320 USA 4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA 5Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215 USA 6Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662 USA ‡A.-C.Fluckiger and Z.Li contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (1998)17:1973-1985https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.7.1973 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is essential for B-lineage development and represents an emerging family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in signal transduction events initiated by a range of cell surface receptors. Increased dosage of Btk in normal B cells resulted in a striking enhancement of extracellular calcium influx following B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) cross-linking. Ectopic expression of Btk, or related Btk/Tec family kinases, restored deficient extracellular Ca2+ influx in a series of novel Btk-deficient human B-cell lines. Btk and phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) co-expression resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCγ and required the same Btk domains as those for Btk-dependent calcium influx. Receptor-dependent Btk activation led to enhanced peak inositol trisphosphate (IP3) generation and depletion of thapsigargin (Tg)-sensitive intracellular calcium stores. These results suggest that Btk maintains increased intracellular calcium levels by controlling a Tg-sensitive, IP3-gated calcium store(s) that regulates store-operated calcium entry. Overexpression of dominant-negative Syk dramatically reduced the initial phase calcium response, demonstrating that Btk/Tec and Syk family kinases may exert distinct effects on calcium signaling. Finally, co-cross-linking of the BCR and the inhibitory receptor, FcγRIIb1, completely abrogated Btk-dependent IP3 production and calcium store depletion. Together, these data demonstrate that Btk functions at a critical crossroads in the events controlling calcium signaling by regulating peak IP3 levels and calcium store depletion. Introduction In electrically non-excitable cells, activation of cell surface receptors leads to oscillatory changes in intracellular calcium concentrations [Ca2+]i which provide cell-specific information essential for cell division, gene transcription and/or cell death (reviewed in Clapham, 1995). The signaling events which integrate the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and the entry of extracellular calcium across the plasma membrane have not been fully defined. Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores occurs, at least in part, via activation of phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms, which results in increased production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), and emptying of IP3 receptor-gated stores (reviewed in Gardner, 1989; Berridge, 1993; Bootman and Berridge, 1995; Noh et al., 1995). Regulation of extracellular Ca2+ influx may involve several alternative (or potentially overlapping) mechanisms including: IP3-dependent plasma membrane Ca2+ channels; Na+-dependent Ca2+ channels; L-type Ca2+ channels (Kahn et al., 1992; Wacholtz et al., 1992, 1993; Akha et al., 1996); and plasma membrane calcium channels directly responsive to depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. This latter mechanism, referred to as a store-operated calcium entry (SOC), leads to sustained increases in [Ca2+]i throughout a broad range of cell types, including hematopoietic and other cell lineages (Hoth and Penner, 1992; Putney and Bird, 1993; Zweifach and Lewis, 1993; Fanger et al., 1995; Serafini et al., 1995). Activation of B cells in response to B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) cross-linking is an example of a cell lineage-specific signal which controls cell growth decisions in part by regulating the balance of Ca2+ store depletion, calcium entry and store refilling (Braun et al., 1979; Ransom et al., 1986; Wilson et al., 1987; Brent et al., 1993; Yamada et al., 1993; Takata et al., 1995; Sugawara et al., 1997; reviewed in Perlmutter et al., 1993; Weiss and Littman, 1994). Sustained increases in [Ca2+]i are required for the proliferation and differentiation of naive B cells. Failure to reach a threshold intracellular Ca2+ level, as seen in anergic B cells, leads to altered cell migration and ultimately to cell death (Dolmetsch et al., 1997; Healy et al., 1997). Finally, modulation of BCR cross-linking-dependent calcium signaling is also achieved through the engagement of several key inhibitory co-receptors on B cells (reviewed in Scharenberg and Kinet, 1997). Identification of the signaling molecules regulating this balance of calcium signals in B-lineage cells therefore has important implications for the understanding of both normal and abnormal immune responses. B cells from mice with the X-linked immunodeficiency (XID) exhibit a blunted increase in [Ca2+]i and fail to proliferate following BCR cross-linking (Rigley et al., 1989; reviewed in Wicker and Scher, 1986). Normal Ca2+ flux and cell proliferation, however, can be restored using Ca2+ ionophores and protein kinase C activation, suggesting that the signaling deficit in XID B cells is upstream of the elevation in [Ca2+]i. Both XID and the human B-cell immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), result from mutations in the cytoplasmic Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) (Rawlings et al., 1993; Thomas et al., 1993; Tsukada et al., 1993; Vetrie et al., 1993). Btk is a member of an expanding family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases which includes Btk, Tec, Itk, Txk, Bmx and Drosophila Src28C (reviewed in Rawlings and Witte, 1995). These proteins contain a catalytic domain, SH2 and SH3 protein interaction domains, and a unique N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain capable of directing protein and phospholipid interactions (Tsukada et al., 1994; Langhans-Rajasekaran et al., 1995; Fukuda et al., 1996; Salim et al., 1996; Franke et al., 1997; Rameh et al., 1997; Snyder et al., 1997; reviewed in Gibson et al., 1994; Lemmon et al., 1996). XID B cells also fail to respond to a variety of additional activating signals including thymus-independent type I antigens, interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-10, CD38 and possibly CD40 surface receptor cross-linking (reviewed in Wicker and Scher, 1986; Rawlings and Witte, 1995). These abnormalities in receptor signaling and B-lineage development suggest that activated Btk uniquely regulates signaling events essential for normal B-lineage development and proliferation. Studies demonstrating altered calcium flux in both XID B cells and Btk-deficient chicken B-lymphoma cells (Takata and Kurosaki, 1996) indicate that Btk/Tec kinases play a critical role in the regulation of calcium signaling. In the studies presented here, we have used ectopic expression of Btk and Btk mutant proteins in both normal and Btk-deficient XLA B cells to determine the specific role(s) of Btk in receptor-dependent calcium signaling. Expression of Btk significantly enhanced the sustained increase in [Ca2+]i following receptor activation in normal B cells and fully restored deficient Ca2+ signaling in XLA B cells. Most notably, Btk activation led to a marked increase in peak IP3 levels, depletion of intracellular calcium stores and enhancement of extracellular calcium influx. These Btk-dependent effects on calcium influx could be blocked completely by co-cross-linking of the FcγRIIb1 inhibitory receptor. Taken together, our data suggest that Btk family kinases uniquely modulate BCR cross-linking-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i by controlling IP3-dependent intracellular Ca2+ store depletion and store-operated Ca2+ influx. Results Increased dosage of Btk enhances extracellular Ca2+ influx in B cells following BCR cross-linking Vaccinia virus-driven expression of Btk was used to evaluate the effect of increased Btk dosage on BCR cross-linking-dependent Ca2+ signaling. Ramos B cells were infected with equivalent titers of recombinant vaccinia viruses (Figure 1A). While infection with wild-type vaccinia or kinase-inactive Btk resulted in no change, overexpression of wild-type Btk enhanced the sustained increase in [Ca2+]i following BCR receptor cross-linking. This effect was enhanced further by expression of the activated Btk mutant, Btk* (Figure 1A). Expression of a constitutively membrane-associated Btk chimeric construct, CD16/Btk, resulted in an even greater enhancement of BCR cross-linking-dependent Ca2+ flux (Figure 1B). The increase in [Ca2+]i correlated directly with the dosage of Btk. Notably, increased dosage of Btk, Btk* or CD16/Btk each led to increased sustained levels of [Ca2+]i following receptor cross-linking but resulted in only minimal effects on the overall peak of the Ca2+ response. These results and our previous data (Afar et al., 1996; Park et al., 1996; Rawlings et al., 1996; Li et al., 1997) suggest that the strength of the calcium signals from Btk, Btk* and CD16/Btk is dependent upon their relative degree of membrane association which facilitates receptor cross-linking-dependent transphosphorylation by Src family kinases. Figure 1.Increased dosage of Btk increases intracellular Ca2+ in B cells following BCR cross-linking by enhancing extracellular Ca2+ influx. (A) Ramos B cells were infected with the indicated viruses [mock, kinase-inactive Btk (BtkK430R), wild-type Btk (Btk) or the activated Btk mutant, Btk*] and then activated by anti-IgM cross-linking (arrow), and Ca2+ mobilization of indo-1-loaded cells was monitored continuously using flow cytometry. (B) Left panel: Ramos B cells were infected with viruses including the membrane-targeted chimeric construct CD16/Btk and monitored for Ca2+ flux following addition of anti-IgM (arrow). Right panel: the relative expression level of endogenous Btk, Btk* and CD16/Btk (arrowhead). (C) Mock- (top) or Btk*-infected (bottom) Ramos cells were resuspended in Ca2+-free media plus 1.8 mM EGTA, activated by anti-IgM cross-linking (arrow) and Ca2+ mobilization was monitored. Calcium was restored to the media (arrowhead) to evaluate extracellular Ca2+ influx. Representative data from one of >10 similar experiments are shown. Download figure Download PowerPoint To define further the potential signaling mechanisms by which Btk activation led to the sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i, we evaluated the phases of calcium signaling in infected B cells. Cells were activated in medium containing 1.8 mM EGTA to evaluate the release of calcium from internal stores. This was followed by addition of calcium in molar excess of EGTA to quantitate extracellular calcium influx (Figure 1C). Compared with wild-type vaccinia infection, the peak and morphology of the fluorescence ratio reflecting the initial phase of the calcium response was unaltered or slightly reduced following infection with wild-type Btk or activated Btk (Figure 1C and data not shown). In contrast, the slope, peak and duration of the secondary phase of the Ca2+ response were significantly enhanced by Btk, Btk* or CD16/Btk expression (Figure 1C and data not shown). This increase directly paralleled the results in total calcium flux and was dependent upon the dosage of Btk and the Btk construct expressed. In order to evaluate the effects of Btk activation in the absence of BCR cross-linking, we also expressed CD16/Btk in Ramos B cells and activated Btk by dimerization using anti-CD16 antibody cross-linking (Kolanus et al., 1993; Rivera and Brugge, 1995). Btk dimerization resulted in a gradual increase in [Ca2+]i that was dependent upon the level of CD16/Btk protein expression (Figure 2 and data not shown). The Ca2+ flux following CD16/Btk dimerization was delayed in comparison with that observed following BCR receptor cross-linking, and lacked the initial, rapid peak in [Ca2+]i. While there was little effect on intracellular calcium release, CD16/Btk dimerization resulted in a significant increase in extracellular Ca2+ influx (Figure 2, right panels). Taken together, these results demonstrate that activation of Btk either via BCR cross-linking or by dimerization results in increased [Ca2+]i that occurs predominantly through enhancement of extracellular calcium influx. Figure 2.Btk dimerization enhances extracellular Ca2+ influx. Mock- (top) or CD16/Btk-infected (bottom) Ramos cells were activated by anti-CD16 cross-linking (arrow) and monitored for total Ca2+ flux in the presence (left panels) or absence of extracellular Ca2+ (right panels), demonstrating specific enhancement of extracellular Ca2+ influx following CD16/Btk cross-linking. Download figure Download PowerPoint XLA B cells exhibit deficient extracellular Ca2+ influx following BCR cross-linking which is restored specifically by Btk/Tec family kinases Our data indicated either that Btk was essential for Ca2+ signaling or that Btk activation augmented BCR-dependent Ca2+ signaling. To distinguish between these alternatives and to evaluate potential differences between human B cells and those of other species, we derived a panel of novel BCR signaling-competent, human B-cell lines from normal individuals and from XLA patients. In order to establish these cell lines, B cells were transformed with a mutant Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) lacking EBV latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2; Miller et al., 1995; Fruehling et al., 1996). This was required because immune receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in LMP2, also present in the cytoplasmic tail of the BCR, act in a dominant-negative manner to block surface receptor-generated signals. Cell lines matched for surface IgM expression were derived from unrelated normal individuals (LMP2-deficient normal, LDN) and from XLA patients with previously identified mutations in Btk (LMP2-deficient XLA, LDX; Figure 3, top panel). Both normal and XLA LMP2-deficient B-cell lines responded to BCR cross-linking as evidenced by increased tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular substrates, while, as previously suggested, wild-type EBV-transformed B-cell lines derived from the same individuals failed to respond (Miller et al., 1995; and data not shown). Figure 3.XLA B cells exhibit reduced Ca2+ flux in response to BCR cross-linking. Top: LMP2-deficient B-cell lines were derived from normal individuals (LDN-1 and LDN-2) and patients with XLA (LDX-1 and LDX-2). Cells were evaluated by FACS analysis for surface IgM expression (sIgM). Results of isotype control (left histogram) and anti-IgM (right histogram) staining are shown. Bottom: cell lines were activated by anti-IgM cross-linking (arrow) and monitored for Ca2+ flux. Download figure Download PowerPoint Following BCR cross-linking, LDN cell lines exhibited a Ca2+ flux similar to EBV-negative IgM+ B cell lines (Figure 3, bottom). In contrast, LDX cell lines had detectable but markedly blunted Ca2+ responses. These results indicated that Btk activity is essential for normal BCR-dependent Ca2+ signaling in human B cells. Expression of wild-type Btk fully restored Ca2+ flux in LDX cells, while expression of kinase-inactive Btk had no effect. Btk* expression restored and further enhanced Ca2+ flux to levels greater than those in LDN lines (Figure 4A and B; and data not shown). Ectopic expression of Btk or Btk* markedly enhanced the peak and duration of secondary phase in both LDN-1 and LDX-1 cells (Figure 4A, bottom). The increase in extracellular calcium influx paralleled the restoration of total calcium flux and the dosage of Btk and Btk*. Figure 4.Deficient extracellular Ca2+ influx in XLA B cells is restored by expression of Btk/Tec family kinases. (A) Extracellular Ca2+ influx in XLA B cells is restored by Btk* activation. LDN-1 and LDX-1 cell lines were infected with wild-type vaccinia virus (mock; top) or Btk* (bottom), and resuspended in Ca2+-free medium plus 1.8 mM EGTA. Cells were activated by anti-IgM cross-linking (arrow) and calcium was restored to the media at 3 min (arrowhead). Similar but less pronounced influx was obtained following expression of Btk. (B) Expression of Tec or Itk restores BCR cross-linking-dependent calcium signaling in XLA B cells. LDX-1 cells were infected for 14 h with wild-type vaccinia virus (mock) or vaccinia viruses expressing wild-type Btk, Itk or Tec, and Ca2+ mobilization was monitored in indo-1-labeled cells following BCR cross-linking (arrow). Expression of Btk, Tec and Itk was confirmed by Western blot analysis of infected cells (data not shown). Download figure Download PowerPoint While Btk is the major Btk family kinase expressed in B cells, it shares significant homology with additional non-receptor tyrosine kinases expressed in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells (reviewed in Rawlings and Witte, 1995). Examples include Itk, with expression restricted to T and natural killer (NK) cells, and Tec, present in multiple hematopoietic lineages including myeloid cells and some B-cell lines, as well as in liver, kidney, ovary and heart (Siliciano et al., 1992; Heyeck and Berg, 1993; Mano et al., 1993; Sato et al., 1994). Equivalent titers of vaccinia viruses expressing either Itk or Tec were used to infect LDX-1 cells. Strikingly, both Itk and Tec expression restored BCR cross-linking-dependent calcium signaling in Btk-deficient cells to levels equivalent to that following wild-type Btk infection (Figure 4B). Similarly to Btk, Itk and Tec each enhanced the peak and duration of the secondary phase of the calcium response and specifically enhanced extracellular calcium influx (Figure 4B, and data not shown). While these cell lines express both Btk and Tec, differences in relative expression and/or other targeting events are likely to explain the inability of endogenous Tec to rescue Btk signaling events in LDX-1 cells. Finally, in contrast to these results using Btk/Tec kinase proteins, overexpression of Src (Lyn or Fyn) and Syk kinases each failed to restore calcium signaling in XLA cells (data not shown), further supporting the specificity of the Btk in these events. Together, these results suggest that regulation of receptor cross-linking-dependent extracellular calcium influx is a general and unique property of activated Btk/Tec family kinases. Btk activation leads to depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores In most cell types, including B cells, emptying of intracellular calcium stores leads directly via SOC and/or via alternative mechanisms to sustained extracellular calcium influx (Takemura et al., 1989; Gouy et al., 1990; reviewed in Gardner, 1989; Premack and Gardner, 1992; Lewis and Cahalan, 1995). The dramatic effect of Btk overexpression on sustained calcium influx suggested that Btk might act by controlling the emptying of intracellular calcium stores in B cells. In order to test this hypothesis, we utilized the drug thapsigargin (Tg), a sesquiterpene lactone which selectively inhibits Ca2+ reuptake via sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs; Thastrup et al., 1989; Lytton et al., 1991). Eukaryotic cells sequester Ca2+ within a group of biochemically and/or physically distinct intracellular calcium stores, including a dynamic Ca2+ store capable of both rapid Ca2+ release in response to IP3 receptor engagement and rapid Ca2+ reuptake via SERCA pumps. In the absence of extracellular calcium, Tg can be used to block the refilling of these intracellular calcium stores and to measure their relative size without initiation of calcium influx. We evaluated the potential effects of Btk on the relative size of this dynamic calcium store in cells overexpressing Btk both before and after BCR cross-linking. Prior to BCR cross-linking, Tg-sensitive stores were identical in normal B cells infected with either wild-type vaccinia or vaccinia expressing Btk (Figure 5A). Following BCR cross-linking, however, Tg-sensitive stores consistently were more depleted in Btk-overexpressing cells. In repeated experiments, infection with Btk led to 80–90% depletion of initial Tg stores versus 35–50% depletion in mock-infected cells (Figure 5A, compare lower right panels in mock- versus Btk-infected cells). Store depletion paralleled the relative level of increase in [Ca2+]i after BCR cross-linking, and correlated with both the dosage and the specific Btk construct expressed (Btk, Btk* or CD16/Btk). Notably, essentially identical measurements of the relative size of calcium stores were also obtained in experiments comparing ionomycin and Tg, supporting the premise that Tg treatment provides an accurate correlate of the content of the calcium stores in A20 cells (data not shown). The requirement for BCR cross-linking for initiation of store depletion additionally supports the specificity of Btk activation for these events. Finally, expression of either Tec or Itk also led to similar enhancement of BCR cross-linking-dependent, Tg-sensitive store depletion in normal B cells (data not shown). Together, these results support a model in which Btk/Tec kinases maintain sustained calcium influx through depletion of Tg-sensitive calcium stores and initiation of plasma membrane calcium influx. Figure 5.Btk activation leads to depletion of thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores. (A) A20 murine B cells were infected for 15 h with wild-type vaccinia (mock; top) or vaccinia expressing wild-type Btk (bottom). Cells were activated by BCR cross-linking (anti-IgG, arrow) in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium (left panels), and Ca2+ mobilization of fura-2-loaded cells was monitored by spectrofluorimetry. ER calcium stores were evaluated by addition of 1 μM thapsigargin (Tg; right) both before (0 s) and after BCR cross-linking (425 s). Shaded regions demonstrate the relative size of calcium stores under each of the experimental conditions. Representative data from one of >5 similar experiments are shown. (B) Increased dosage of Syk has no effect on Tg-sensitive Ca2+ stores. A20 cells were infected (as above) with the indicated vaccinia viruses including wild-type Syk and a dominant-negative Syk mutant lacking the catalytic domains (Syk-T). Infected cells were activated by BCR cross-linking in the presence of extracellular calcium, and monitored for Ca2+ mobilization. The hatched tracing indicates calcium mobilization in wild-type vaccinia-infected cells. ER calcium stores were evaluated by addition of 1 μM Tg after BCR cross-linking (insets), and the relative store size is depicted by shaded regions. Eqivalent expression of wild-type and kinase-inactive Btk and of Syk and dominant-negative Syk was confirmed by Western blot analysis (data not shown). Download figure Download PowerPoint Previous studies have demonstrated a role for both Src and Syk/Zap70 family kinases in calcium signaling in hematopoietic cells (Kolanus et al., 1993; Takata et al., 1994; Kong et al., 1995; Rivera and Brugge, 1995; Qin et al., 1996; reviewed in Weiss and Littman, 1994). In contrast to the effect of Btk, however, overexpression of Syk (Figure 5B) or of the Src kinases Lyn and Fyn (data not shown) in either normal or Btk-deficient B cells resulted in no enhancement in the sustained phase of the calcium response. Expression of these proteins also resulted in no further enhancement in Tg-sensitive calcium store depletion compared with uninfected or mock vaccinia-infected cells (Figure 5B). However, while wild-type and kinase-inactive Btk each had a minimal detectable effect on intracellular calcium release, inhibition of Syk function using a dominant-negative Syk (Scharenberg et al., 1995) specifically blocked the initial phase release of Ca2+ from internal stores, resulting in a greatly reduced overall peak calcium response (Figure 5B; and data not shown). Because the tandem SH2 domains in dominant-negative Syk are predicted to function by binding to phosphorylated ITAMs, this interaction may interfere with the recruitment of additional signaling molecules to the receptor, thereby enhancing its inhibitory effect on the calcium signal. Taken together, however, the lack of effect of wild-type Syk and the early phase inhibitory effect of dominant-negative Syk strongly support the conclusion that Btk and Syk family kinases regulate distinct events in calcium signaling. Btk activation promotes phosphorylation and downstream signaling of PLCγ isoforms resulting in enhancement of peak and sustained IP3 levels Tg-sensitive calcium stores at least partially overlap IP3-gated Ca2+ stores in the vast majority of cell types (Verma et al., 1990; Takemura et al., 1991; Zacchetti et al., 1991; Gamberucci et al., 1995). Tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCγ activates its enzymatic activity leading to increased production of IP3 and release of Ca2+ from IP3 receptor-gated calcium stores (reviewed in Gardner, 1989; Berridge, 1993). We therefore evaluated the effects of Btk activation on IP3 production and the activation of PLCγ isoforms. Ex