An M, = 624,000 oligomeric protein was isolated from bovine cartilage and designated COMP (Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein).The protein is composed of disulfide-bonded subunits with an apparent M, of 100,000 each.It is markedly anionic, probably due to its high contents of aspartic acid and glutamic acid, as well as to its substitution with negatively charged carbohydrates.COMP was found in all cartilages analyzed, but could not be detected in other tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of guanidine HCl extracts.Within a given cartilage, COMP shows a preferential localization to the territorial matrix surrounding the chondrocytes.Cartilage contains a number of matrix glycoproteins, in addition to the aggregating proteoglycan (aggrecan, for reference, see HeinegHrd and Oldberg, 1989) and collagens (types 11, VI, IX, X, XI, for reference, see Miller and Gay, 1987; Shaw and Olsen, 1991).Some of these are substituted with glycosaminoglycans, as biglycan, decorin, and fibromodulin (for review, see Heinegird and Oldberg, 1989), and are often referred to as small proteoglycans.Others appear devoid of glycosaminoglycans, e.g.cartilage matrix protein (Paulsson and Heinegird, 1979, 1981), the high M , (>400,000) protein (Fife and Brandt, 1984), the 58-kDa protein (Heinegird et al., 1986), and the 36-kDa protein (Larsson et al., 1991).A function can be discerned for some of the matrix glycoproteins and small proteoglycans.Decorin (Vogel et aL, 1984) and fibromodulin (Hedbom and Heinegkd, 1989) bind collagen via their protein cores and could have roles in regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and/or determining the physical properties of the completed fibril.Decorin has also been shown to bind transforming growth factor-P (Yamaguchi et al., 1990) and could be important in the concerted regulation of cellular growth and differentiation by growth factors and extracellular matrix (Nathan and Sporn, 1991).The 36-kDa protein can bind cultured chondrocytes and may therefore play a role in