Introduction
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) is the predominant form of heart failure (HF) in older adults. HFpEF is considered a clinically heterogeneous syndrome and thus poses a significant diagnostic challenge. Race and ethnicity-based disparities exist across a range of cardiovascular diseases and addressing these differences is important to achieve equitable healthcare. We sought to investigate how the clinical presentation of HFpEF and the performance of current HFpEF diagnostic tools differ between ethnic groups. Methods
A validated Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithm was applied to the electronic health records of King's College Hospital, a large tertiary cardiology centre, to identify patients meeting the current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria for a diagnosis of HFpEF between 2010–2022. This includes HF mentioned in the clinical notes, a Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%, and evidence of structural or functional abnormalities consistent with diastolic dysfunction and/or raised LV filling pressures. NLP extracted information including patient demographics (including self-reported ethnicity and socioeconomic status), co-morbidities, investigation results (NT-proBNP levels, H2FPEF scores and echocardiogram reports) and mortality. Analyses were stratified by ethnicity, age, sex and socioeconomic status where appropriate. Results
1261 (64%) White, 578 (29%) Black and 134 (7%) Asian patients met the ESC HFpEF diagnostic criteria. White patients were older and more likely to have atrial fibrillation (30% versus 13%, p <0.001) and coronary artery disease, but less likely than Black patients to have obesity (41% versus 54%, p<0.001), type 2 diabetes (20% versus 38%, p < 0.001) and hypertension (table 1). White patients had a higher median NT-proBNP (1244 pg/ml IQR 419–3497) compared to Black patients (460 pg/ml IQR 127–1634) (p < 0.001) and a higher frequency of H2FPEF scores ≥ 6, indicative of likely HFpEF (44% versus 26%, p < 0.0001) (figures 1 and 2). Conclusions
Established markers systematically underdiagnose HFpEF in Black patients. Using the H2FPEF score, Black patients are less likely than white patients to be diagnosed with HFpEF, even when diagnostic clinical criteria are present. This may be due to differences in the underlying comorbidity patterns, particularly the rates of atrial fibrillation. Further research is required to address the mismatch between current diagnostic criteria and published diagnostic prediction models, whilst recalibration may be required to account for ethnicity-based differences in HFpEF. Conflict of Interest
None