Experiments using purified recombinant human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) revealed that the auto-oxidation of fully reduced protein resulted in a 1:1 stoichiometry of oxygen consumption to NADH oxidation with the production of hydrogen peroxide. The rate of auto-oxidation of fully reduced NQO1 was markedly accelerated in the presence of superoxide ( \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) ), whereas the addition of superoxide dismutase greatly inhibited the rate of auto-oxidation. The ability of reduced NQO1 to react with \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) suggested a role for NQO1 in scavenging \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) , and this hypothesis was tested using established methods for \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) production and detection. The addition of NQO1 in combination with NAD(P)H resulted in inhibition of dihydroethidium oxidation, pyrogallol auto-oxidation, and elimination of a potassium superoxide-generated ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-1-oxide: \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) adduct signal (electron spin resonance). Kinetic parameters for the reduction of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) by NQO1 were estimated using xanthine/xanthine oxidase as the source of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) and after NQO1-dependent NADH oxidation at 340 nm. The ability of NQO1 to scavenge \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) was also examined using cell sonicates prepared from isogenic cell lines containing no NQO1 activity (NQO1-) or very high levels of NQO1 activity (NQO1+). We demonstrated that addition of NAD(P)H and cell sonicate from NQO1+ but not NQO1- cells resulted in an increased level of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) scavenging could be inhibited by 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-[(4-nitrophenoxy)methyl]indole-4,7-dione (ES936), a mechanism-based inhibitor of NQO1. NQO1 can generate hydroquinones that are redox active, and the \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) scavenging activity of NQO1 may allow protection against \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) at the site of hydroquinone generation. In addition, the \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) scavenging activity of NQO1 may provide an additional level of protection against \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{{\bar{{\cdot}}}}\) induced toxicity.