Dense deposit disease and glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits are glomerulopathies characterized by deposits of C3 within or along the glomerular basement membrane. Previous studies found a link between dysregulation of the complement alternative pathway and the pathogenesis of these diseases. We analyzed the role of acquired and genetic complement abnormalities in a cohort of 134 patients, of whom 29 have dense deposit disease, 56 have glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits, and 49 have primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I, with adult and pediatric onset. A total of 53 patients presented with a low C3 level, and 65 were positive for C3 nephritic factor that was significantly more frequently detected in patients with dense deposit disease than in other histological types. Mutations in CFH and CFI genes were identified in 24 patients associated with a C3 nephritic factor in half the cases. We found evidence for complement alternative pathway dysregulation in 26 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I. The complement factor H Y402H variant was significantly increased in dense deposit disease. We identified one at-risk membrane cofactor protein (MCP) haplotype for glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I. Thus, our results suggest a critical role of fluid-phase alternative pathway dysregulation in the pathogenesis of C3 glomerulopathies as well as in immune complex–mediated glomerular diseases. The localization of the C3 deposits may be under the influence of MCP expression. Dense deposit disease and glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits are glomerulopathies characterized by deposits of C3 within or along the glomerular basement membrane. Previous studies found a link between dysregulation of the complement alternative pathway and the pathogenesis of these diseases. We analyzed the role of acquired and genetic complement abnormalities in a cohort of 134 patients, of whom 29 have dense deposit disease, 56 have glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits, and 49 have primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I, with adult and pediatric onset. A total of 53 patients presented with a low C3 level, and 65 were positive for C3 nephritic factor that was significantly more frequently detected in patients with dense deposit disease than in other histological types. Mutations in CFH and CFI genes were identified in 24 patients associated with a C3 nephritic factor in half the cases. We found evidence for complement alternative pathway dysregulation in 26 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I. The complement factor H Y402H variant was significantly increased in dense deposit disease. We identified one at-risk membrane cofactor protein (MCP) haplotype for glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I. Thus, our results suggest a critical role of fluid-phase alternative pathway dysregulation in the pathogenesis of C3 glomerulopathies as well as in immune complex–mediated glomerular diseases. The localization of the C3 deposits may be under the influence of MCP expression. Dense deposit disease (DDD) and glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits (GNC3) are characterized by glomerular deposition of C3 and are associated with dysregulation of the complement alternative pathway (AP).1.Appel G.B. Cook H.T. Hageman G. et al.Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease): an update.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 1392-1403Crossref PubMed Scopus (314) Google Scholar, 2.Servais A. Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Lequintrec M. et al.Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: a new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome.J Med Genet. 2007; 44: 193-199Crossref PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar, 3.Fakhouri F. Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Noel L.H. et al.C3 glomerulopathy: a new classification.Nat Rev Nephrol. 2007; 6: 494-499Crossref Scopus (268) Google Scholar The essential feature of DDD is the presence of electron-dense transformation of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and not the membranoproliferative pattern.4.Walker P.D. Ferrario F. Joh K. et al.Dense deposit disease is not a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.Mod Pathol. 2007; 20: 605-616Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar These dense deposits contain components of the alternative pathway including C3b and its breakdown products iC3b, C3dg, or C3c, and terminal complement complex.5.Sethi S. Gamez J.D. Vrana J.A. et al.Glomeruli of Dense Deposit Disease contain components of the alternative and terminal complement pathway.Kidney Int. 2009; 75: 952-960Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar Conversely, GNC3 are characterized by subendothelial deposits containing exclusively C3 products, without immunoglobulins and without dense intramembranous deposits within the glomerular and the tubular basement membranes.2.Servais A. Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Lequintrec M. et al.Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: a new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome.J Med Genet. 2007; 44: 193-199Crossref PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar, 6.Berger J. Noel L.H. Yaneva H. Complement deposition in the kidney.in: Hamburger J. Advances in Nephrology. vol 4. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago1974: 37-48Google Scholar, 7.Boyer O. Noel L.H. Balzamo E. et al.Complement factor H deficiency and posttransplantation glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits.Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51: 671-677Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar, 8.Sethi S. Fervenza F.C. Zhang Y. et al.Proliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to dysfunction of the alternative pathway of complement.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 1009-1017Crossref PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar The AP dysregulation in DDD and GNC3 is usually induced by C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF), an autoantibody that stabilizes the AP C3 convertase.1.Appel G.B. Cook H.T. Hageman G. et al.Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease): an update.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 1392-1403Crossref PubMed Scopus (314) Google Scholar Only few patients with homozygous or heterozygous mutations in the regulatory complement proteins factor H (CFH), factor I (CFI), or C3 have been identified.2.Servais A. Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Lequintrec M. et al.Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: a new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome.J Med Genet. 2007; 44: 193-199Crossref PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar, 7.Boyer O. Noel L.H. Balzamo E. et al.Complement factor H deficiency and posttransplantation glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits.Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51: 671-677Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar, 9.Servais A. Noel L.H. Dragon-Durey M.A. et al.Heterogeneous pattern of renal disease associated with homozygous Factor H deficiency.Hum Pathol. 2011; 42: 1305-1311Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar, 10.Martinez-Barricarte R. Heurich M. Valdes-Canedo F. et al.Human C3 mutation reveals a mechanism of dense deposit disease pathogenesis and provides insights into complement activation and regulation.J Clin Invest. 2010; 120: 3702-3712Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar Particular variants of CFH (H402Y) and of CFH-related 5 (CFHR5) may preferentially be associated with DDD.11.Licht C. Schlotzer-Schrehardt U. Kirschfink M. et al.MPGN II--genetically determined by defective complement regulation?.Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 22: 2-9Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar, 12.Pickering M.C. de Jorge E.G. Martinez-Barricarte R. et al.Spontaneous hemolytic uremic syndrome triggered by complement factor H lacking surface recognition domains.J Exp Med. 2007; 204: 1249-1256Crossref PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar, 13.Abrera-Abeleda M.A. Nishimura C. Smith J.L. et al.Variations in the complement regulatory genes factor H (CFH) and factor H related 5 (CFHR5) are associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease).J Med Genet. 2006; 43: 582-589Crossref PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar On the basis of etiology, DDD and GNC3 are classified as complement-mediated disease. However, few clinical series with complement analysis have been reported, and in particular no frequencies of acquired or genetic abnormalities are available.13.Abrera-Abeleda M.A. Nishimura C. Smith J.L. et al.Variations in the complement regulatory genes factor H (CFH) and factor H related 5 (CFHR5) are associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease).J Med Genet. 2006; 43: 582-589Crossref PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar,14.Nasr S.H. Valeri A.M. Appel G.B. et al.Dense deposit disease: clinicopathologic study of 32 pediatric and adult patients.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 4: 22-32Crossref PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar If the uncontrolled activation of the AP in fluid phase seems a common feature between the two diseases, no biological or genetic markers influencing the location of the dense deposits have been identified. In contrast, primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I (MPGN I) is an immune complex glomerulonephritis that may be complement mediated and is characterized by deposits containing immunoglobulins and classical pathway components. Despite one report of MPGN I associated with complete CFH deficiency,9.Servais A. Noel L.H. Dragon-Durey M.A. et al.Heterogeneous pattern of renal disease associated with homozygous Factor H deficiency.Hum Pathol. 2011; 42: 1305-1311Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar the influence of the AP in this disease remains unclear. Recent observations in CFH knockout mouse model suggest that AP may also play a critical role in immune complex–mediated glomerular diseases.15.Bao L. Haas M. Quigg R.J. Complement factor H deficiency accelerates development of lupus nephritis.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 22: 285-295Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar Therefore, we hypothesized that acquired or genetic complement abnormalities may also predispose to MPGN I. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and the relative role of acquired (C3NeF) and genetic (CFH, CFI, and membrane cofactor protein (MCP)) complement abnormalities in a large cohort of patients with DDD, GNC3, and MPGN I. Patients were genotyped to determine whether specific polymorphisms or haplotypes in CFH and MCP genes segregate preferentially with the disease phenotype. Clinical and biological data for the patients at diagnosis are summarized in Table 1. This French multicentric cohort included 134 patients from 130 pedigrees. There were 52 patients (39%) with early onset (before 16 years of age). There was a familial history of glomerulonephritis in 15 cases. Two affected relatives from each of four families (8 of the 15 cases with family history) were included in this study.Table 1Clinical and biological data according to histological typeAllMPGN 1DDDGNC3P-valueN134492956Sex (M/F)81/53 (60.4%)32/17 (65.3%)17/12 (58.6%)33/24 (58.9%)NSChildrenaBelow 16 years of age./adults52/82 (38.8%)21/28 (42.8%)17/12 (58.6%)14/42 (25.0%)NSAge at diagnosis (years)24.3±18.620.7±16.818.9±17.730.3±19.3<0.05cP-value: MPGN 1 compared with GNC3. and <0.01dP-value: DDD compared with GNC3.Proteinuria (g/day)4.9±4.16.9±4.45.6±4.53.6±3.3<0.05cP-value: MPGN 1 compared with GNC3.Nephrotic syndrome58 (41.1%)32 (65.3%)11 (37.9%)15 (26.8%)<0.0001cP-value: MPGN 1 compared with GNC3. and 0.02eP-value: MPGN 1 compared with DDD.Microhematuria83 (58.8%)25 (51.0%)22 (75.8%)36 (64.3%)NSHBP43 (30.5%)16 (32.6%)6 (20.7%)21 (37.5%)NSeGFR (ml/min per 1.73m2)69.3±36.673.7±33.775.5±38.865.9±37.4NSACE inhibitor/ARB treatment64 (45.4%)27 (55.1%)10 (34.5%)27 (48.2%)NSImmunosuppressive treatment61 (43.2%)28 (57.1%)14 (48.3%)19 (33.9%)0.02cP-value: MPGN 1 compared with GNC3.Follow-up (years)11.2±11.211.7±12.012.0±12.110.2±10.1NSAt last follow-up eGFR (ml/min per 1.73m2)50.4±39.547.7±40.353.8±40.350.9±37.1NS Proteinuria (g/day)2.2±2.72.4±3.51.4±1.62.1±2.4NS Nephrotic syndrome19 (14.1%)8 (16.3%)2 (6.9%)9 (16.1%)NS Duration of evolution until ESRDbIf ESRD. (years)10.3±10.210.1±9.89.8±11.610.8±10.0NS Dialysis49 (36.6%)20 (40.8%)12 (41.4%)17 (30.3%)NS Age at dialysis (years)35.6±17.630.3±17.236.9±18.140.8±16.9NS Renal transplantation35 (26.1%)14 (28.6%)11 (37.9%)10 (17.8%)NS • Recurrence18 (51.4%)6 (42.8%)6 (54.5%)6 (60%)NS • Thrombotic microangiopathy6 (17.1%)2 (14.3%)3 (27.3%)1 (10.0%)NS • Vascular rejection2 (5.8%)1 (7.1%)0 (0%)1 (10.0%)NSAbbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; DDD, dense deposit disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease); ESRD, end-stage renal disease; F, female; GNC3, glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits; HBP, high blood pressure; M, male; MPGN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; N, number; NS, not significant.Mean±s.d., number (percentage).Nephrotic syndrome was defined as a serum albumin concentration below <3g/dl and proteinuria >3g/day.a Below 16 years of age.b If ESRD.c P-value: MPGN 1 compared with GNC3.d P-value: DDD compared with GNC3.e P-value: MPGN 1 compared with DDD. Open table in a new tab Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; DDD, dense deposit disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease); ESRD, end-stage renal disease; F, female; GNC3, glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits; HBP, high blood pressure; M, male; MPGN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; N, number; NS, not significant. Mean±s.d., number (percentage). Nephrotic syndrome was defined as a serum albumin concentration below <3g/dl and proteinuria >3g/day. Renal symptoms at diagnosis included: acute renal failure in 3 cases, stage 5 kidney disease in 15 cases, stage 4 in 7 cases, stage 3 in 17 cases, stage 2 in 19 cases, and stage 1 in the other cases. The hepatitis C serology was negative in all patients. There was no associated autoimmune disease and no monoclonal gammopathy. Partial lipodystrophy was observed in five patients with DDD. A total of 35 patients had more than one biopsy of native or transplant kidney. DDD was diagnosed in 29 patients (Figure 1a–d). It was defined as thickening of capillary walls due to both GBM deposits and double contours (light microscopy), deposits (mainly C3) in the GBM (immunofluorescence study), and thickening of the GBM due to electron-dense deposits within the lamina densa (electron microscopy). All cases of DDD showed these classical intramembranous dense deposits. Among them, 17 had mesangial cellular proliferation and 9 had crescents. MPGN I was diagnosed in 48 patients (Figure 1e–h) and MPGN III in 1 patient who was included in the MPGN I group for further analysis. MPGN I was defined as mesangial cellular proliferation, increase in the mesangial matrix, a diffuse ‘double contours’ aspect and subendothelial, and mesangial deposits (light microscopy), C3 and significant granular immunoglobulin (Ig) deposits in mesangial area, mainly IgG and sometimes C1q, IgM, and/or IgA (immunofluorescence study), and subendothelial and mesangial deposits (electron microscopy). Crescents were observed in eight cases. GNC3 was found in 56 cases (Figure 1i–l), defined as mesangial and epimembranous deposits containing only C3 without Ig deposits (immunofluorescence study) with or without membranoproliferative pattern, and without dense deposits within the GBM (electron microscopy). In 71% of the GNC3 cases, renal biopsy showed a membranoproliferative pattern with mesangial proliferation, subendothelial, mesangial, and, less frequently, epimembranous deposits, diffuse ‘double contours’ aspect, and accumulation of mesangial matrix. In 29% of the cases (16 patients), renal biopsy disclosed mesangial and epimembranous deposits without subendothelial deposits or mesangial proliferation. Crescents were observed in 10 cases. In all cases, immunofluorescence study revealed isolated C3 deposits without dense intramembranous deposits. Table 2\r reports pathology according to genetic defects and Table 3 reports MPGN 1 cases with C3NeF.Table 2Molecular characterization of the genetic defects and pathology according to genetic defectsPatientC3aLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (660 to 1250mg/l)C4aLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (90 to 380mg/l)CFBaLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (90 to 320mg/l)CFHaLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (338 to 682mg/l)CFIaLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (42 to 78mg/l)Genetic abnormalityStatusFunctional significance of the mutationC3NeFHistologyMesangial proliferationImmunofluorescence study180234510860268CFH (p.A161S; SCR 3)HeType II mutation, previously reported in aHUS,16.Sellier-Leclerc A.L. Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Dragon-Durey M.A. et al.Differential impact of complement mutations on clinical characteristics in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18: 2392-2400Crossref PubMed Scopus (310) Google Scholar,17.Fakhouri F. Roumenina L. Provot F. et al.Pregnancy-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome revisited in the era of complement gene mutations.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 21: 859-867Crossref PubMed Scopus (314) Google Scholar located in the binding site for C3bPDDD+C3221511254<2049CFH (p.C431S; SCR 7)HoType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)NDDD+C335381609827552CFH (p.R232X; SCR 4)HeType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)PDDD-C345301996527058CFH (p.V143I; SCR 2)HeType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)PDDD+C353771479620456CFH (p.C673R; SCR 11)HeType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)PDDD+C3617921842<2075CFH (p.C597R; SCR 10)HoType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)NGNC3+C376162717726074CFH (c.230delT, L77X)HeType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)NGNC3-C3888325413344973CFH (c.363del21nt, del G122-E128; SCR 2)HeUndetermined, causes in-frame deletion of a loop and a β-sheet, major structural rearrangementsNGNC3+C396623778864367CFH (IVS 11+5)HeUndeterminedPGNC3+C310124032816366355CFH (p.D130N; SCR 2)HeType II mutation, on the surface of SCR 2, opposite the C3b-binding site18.Wu J. Wu Y.Q. Ricklin D. et al.Structure of complement fragment C3b-factor H and implications for host protection by complement regulators.Nat Immunol. 2009; 10: 728-733Crossref PubMed Scopus (263) Google ScholarNGNC3-C3117941889852556CFH (p.R1210V; SCR 20)HeType II mutation, previously reported in aHUS,19.Noris M. Remuzzi G. Complement factor h gene abnormalities in haemolytic uraemic syndrome: from point mutations to hybrid gene.PLoS Med. 2006; 3: e432Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar alters the C3b/polyanion-binding site in the C-terminal region20.Ferreira V.P. Herbert A.P. Cortes C. et al.The binding of factor H to a complex of physiological polyanions and C3b on cells is impaired in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.J Immunol. 2009; 182: 7009-7018Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google ScholarPGNC3-C31257219510065874CFH (p.R53C; SCR 1)HeType II mutation, may affect the local conformation and ligand binding. Previously reported in aHUS in a He form.17.Fakhouri F. Roumenina L. Provot F. et al.Pregnancy-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome revisited in the era of complement gene mutations.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 21: 859-867Crossref PubMed Scopus (314) Google ScholarNGNC3+C3131442348564365CFH (p.R53C; SCR 1)HoNMPGN 1+IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C1q149231977265367CFH (p.F717L; SCR 12)HeType II mutation, located in an SCR suggested to participate in a third C3b/C3c binding site21.Jokiranta T.S. Hellwage J. Koistinen V. et al.Each of the three binding sites on complement factor H interacts with a distinct site on C3b.J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 27657-27662Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (177) Google ScholarNMPGN 1+IgG, C3, C1q158681196658764CFH (p.F717L; SCR 12)HePMPGN 1+IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C1q1685699628652CFH (p.C1043S; SCR 17)HeType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)PMPGN 1+IgG, C317<4013317<1075CFH (p.C597R; SCR 10)HoType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)NMPGN 1+IgG, C3, C1q186662237760229CFI (p.C327R; C309R)HeType I mutation (quantitative deficiency)NMPGN 1+IgG, C3, C1q1973612112541327CFI (p.I416L; I398L)HeType I mutation (Quantitative Factor I deficiency), previously reported in aHUS22.Bienaime F. Dragon-Durey M.A. Regnier C.H. et al.Mutations in components of complement influence the outcome of Factor I-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.Kidney Int. 2010; 77: 339-349Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google ScholarPMPGN 1+IgG, IgM, C3, C4, C1q20103667751535CFI (p.G119R; G101R)HeUndetermined, previously reported in aHUS22.Bienaime F. Dragon-Durey M.A. Regnier C.H. et al.Mutations in components of complement influence the outcome of Factor I-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.Kidney Int. 2010; 77: 339-349Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google ScholarPMPGN 1+IgG, C3219751938989864CFI (p.A240G; A222G)HePartially reduced secretion, impaired activity on cell surface with FH as a cofactor.23.Nilsson S.C. Kalchishkova N. Trouw L.A. et al.Mutations in complement factor I as found in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome lead to either altered secretion or altered function of factor I.Eur J Immunol. 2010; 40: 172-185Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar Previously reported in aHUS.24.Caprioli J. Noris M. Brioschi S. et al.Genetics of HUS: the impact of MCP, CFH and IF mutations on clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome.Blood. 2006; 108: 1267-1279Crossref PubMed Scopus (566) Google ScholarNGNC3-C32295831912666369CFI (p.G261D; G243R)HeType II mutation. Previously reported in aHUS. Functional activity in fluid phase and on surface was normal.22.Bienaime F. Dragon-Durey M.A. Regnier C.H. et al.Mutations in components of complement influence the outcome of Factor I-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.Kidney Int. 2010; 77: 339-349Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar,25.Nilsson S.C. Karpman D. Vaziri-Sani F. et al.A mutation in factor I that is associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome does not affect the function of factor I in complement regulation.Mol Immunol. 2007; 44: 1835-1844Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google ScholarNDGNC3-C3238218315053684CFI (p.I306S;I288S)HeMost likely Type II, previously reported in aHUS22.Bienaime F. Dragon-Durey M.A. Regnier C.H. et al.Mutations in components of complement influence the outcome of Factor I-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.Kidney Int. 2010; 77: 339-349Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google ScholarPGNC3+C3241190296193750101MCP (p.V215M, V181M) and (A304V)A304V: defective control of the alternative pathway of complement activation on a cell surface26.Fang C.J. Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Liszewski M.K. et al.Membrane cofactor protein mutations in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), fatal Stx-HUS, C3 glomerulonephritis, and the HELLP syndrome.Blood. 2008; 111: 624-632Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar (rare SNP); V181M: undeterminedNGNC3+C3Abbreviations: aHUS, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome; CFB, complement factor B; CFH, complement factor H; CFI, complement factor I; C3NeF, C3 nephritic factor; DDD, dense deposit disease; GNC3, glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits; He, heterozygous; Ho, homozygous; Ig, immunoglobulin; MCP, membrane cofactor protein; MPGN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; N, negative; ND, not done; P, positive; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.The numbering of CFH mutations is given with the signal peptide as widely used in the literature. For CFI and MCP, the numbering is given both with and without the signal peptide for clarity as both nomenclatures are frequently used.a Laboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. Open table in a new tab Table 3Complement component analysis and immunofluorescence study of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I cases with positive C3 nephritic factorPatientC3aLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (660 to 1250mg/l)C4aLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (90 to 380mg/l)CFBaLaboratory reference values are indicated in brackets. (90 to 320mg/l)HistologyImmunofluorescence study25537bRare variant CFI IVS 12+5 associated.16083MPGN IIgG, IgM, C32651212750MPGN IIgG, IgM, IgA, C327183178225MPGN IIgG, C32870123396MPGN IIgG, C3298720251MPGN IIgG, IgM, C33084722271MPGN IIgG, IgM, C3, C1q314812689MPGN IIgG, IgA, C3328730992MPGN IIgG, IgM, C333293209100MPGN IIgG, IgM, C334180248123MPGN IIgG, IgM, C33519395126MPGN IIgG, C336275225159MPGN IIgG, IgM, C3, C1q371110162186MPGN INDcBiopsy performed in 1974: lobular MPGN I, no immunofluorescence study available.38475175155MPGN IIgG, IgA, C33974116982MPGN IIgG, C340875273124MPGN IIgG, C3, C1q41135182130MPGN IIgG, IgA, IgM, C34212922764MPGN IIgG, C3Abbreviations: CFB, complement factor B; Ig, immunoglobulin; MPGN I, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I; ND, not done.Cases with genetic abnormality are presented in Table 2.a Laboratory reference values are indicated in brackets.b Rare variant CFI IVS 12+5 associated.c Biopsy performed in 1974: lobular MPGN I, no immunofluorescence study available. Open table in a new tab Abbreviations: aHUS, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome; CFB, complement factor B; CFH, complement factor H; CFI, complement factor I; C3NeF, C3 nephritic factor; DDD, dense deposit disease; GNC3, glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits; He, heterozygous; Ho, homozygous; Ig, immunoglobulin; MCP, membrane cofactor protein; MPGN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; N, negative; ND, not done; P, positive; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism. The numbering of CFH mutations is given with the signal peptide as widely used in the literature. For CFI and MCP, the numbering is given both with and without the signal peptide for clarity as both nomenclatures are frequently used. Abbreviations: CFB, complement factor B; Ig, immunoglobulin; MPGN I, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I; ND, not done. Cases with genetic abnormality are presented in Table 2. Plasma complement levels for 115 patients who did not receive any immunosuppressive therapy at the time of the investigations are shown in Table 4. At the time of the first investigation, 59% and 40% of the DDD and GNC3 patients, respectively, had a low C3 level and a normal C4, suggesting an AP consumption (Figure 2a). A total of 20% of DDD and GNC3 patients presented with <20% of normal C3. Low C3 but normal C4 levels were also observed in 46% of MPGN I patients. A C3NeF was found in 58.6% of patients, fluctuating during follow-up in 32% of them. Patients with C3NeF had a significantly lower C3 level (P=0.007; Figure 2b). Despite the presence of C3NeF activity, C3 levels remained normal in 44% of patients, and 34% of patients had low C3 levels despite no C3NeF being detected. Nineteen patients (29.2%) with C3NeF had low factor B levels. A C3NeF was more frequently detected in DDD patients than in other histological types (86.4% vs. 48.9%, P=0.002).Table 4Complement component assessment according to histological typeAllMPGN 1DDDGNC3N115412253C3aNormal values are indicated in brackets. (660 to 1250mg/l)621.91±339.5583.1±360.7492.8±337.7705.4±305.2Low C3 (<660mg/l)53 (46.1%)19 (46.3%)13 (59.1%)21 (39.6%)C4aNormal values are indicated in brackets. (93 to 380mg/l)227.9±86.3198.4±65.7204.8±88.9260.8±89.3Low C4 (<93mg/l)2 (1.7%)1 (2.4%)1 (4.5%)0Factor BaNormal values are indicated in brackets. (90 to 320mg/l)116.4±49.3110.9±42.2112.6±39.9122.2±57.7Low factor B (<90mg/l)34 (29.6%)14 (34.1%)6 (27.3%)14 (26.4%)Low factor H (<338mg/l)8 (6.9%)2 (4.9%)4 (18.2%)2 (3.8%)Low factor I (<42mg/l)3 (2.6%)3 (7.3%)00C3NeF65 (58.6%)bC3NeF determination was not available in four patients.22 (53.6%)19 (86.4%)24 (45.3%)Unexplained C3 <660mg/l6 (5.2%)1 (2.4%)05 (9.4%)Abbreviations: C3NeF, C3 nephritic factor; DDD, dense deposit disease; GNC3, glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits; MPGN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.Patients under immunosuppressive therapy at the time of complement assessment were excluded from this analysis (N=19). Mean±s.d., number (percentage).a Normal values are indicated in brackets.b C3NeF determination was not available in four patients. Open table in a new tab Abbreviations: C3NeF, C3 nephritic factor; DDD, dense deposit disease; GNC3, glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits; MPGN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Patients under immunosuppressive therapy at the time of complement assessment were excluded from this analysis (N=19). Mean±s.d., number (percentage). A mutation was found in the complement genes in 24 patients (17.9%) from 22 pedigrees (16.9%; Tables 2 and 5). Of the patients carrying mutations, 13 also had C3NeF. Four patients had a homozygous CFH mutation, characterized by complete CFH deficiency in three of the cases. A heterozygous CFH mutation was found in 13 patients; 5 of them had low plasma CFH concentrations, suggesting a type I mutation. CFH type I mutations were spread throughout the gene. Two of the mutations were short deletions; one was a nonsense mutation; one affected the donor site in intron 11 and four were cysteine substitutions. Four out of the six CFH type II mutations clustered in SCR1 and 3. Two related patients carried heteroz