Pain syndrome is one of the most common reasons to seek medical help. The paper considers an issue of pain syndrome in patients with various diseases. Various pathogenetic variants of dorsalgia development in the setting of inflammatory and degenerative-dystrophic changes are presented. The main biomechanical and biochemical processes associated with the pain syndrome are summarized. Several features of the course and therapeutic methods of the back pain syndrome associated with ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, as well as gouty and rheumatoid arthritis are considered. The paper outlines general principles of therapy for acute and chronic nociceptive pain syndromes. Medicinal and non-medicinal therapeutic methods are discussed. Since specific and non-specific inflammatory reactions represent a key pathogenetic mechanism in most of the reviewed cases of acute and chronic pain syndrome, anti-inflammatory drugs play a leading role in the condition therapy. We considered the possibility to use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and B vitamins. KEYWORDS: back pain, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pain syndrome, acute pain syndrome. FOR CITATION: Barulin А.Е., Kurushina O.V., Puchkov A.E. Clinical aspects of management of patients with acute and chronic pain. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(10):576–581 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-10-5