ABSTRACT The carbon concentrating mechanism—C 4 photosynthesis—represents a classic example of convergent evolution. While how this important trait originated and evolved remains largely enigmatic. Here we present a high-quality chromosome-scale annotated genome assembly of the spider-flower Gynandropsis gynandra , a valuable leafy vegetable crop and medicinal plant that has also been recognized as an emerging C 4 model species. Repetitive elements occupy up to 71.91% of its genome, and over half are LTR-RTs derived from recent bursts, contributing to genome size expansion. Strikingly, LTR-RT explosion also played a critical role in C 4 evolution by altering expression features of photosynthesis-associated genes via preferential insertion in promoters. Synteny analysis in the Cleome genus unveils that an independent species-specific whole-genome duplication in G. gynandra , which we name Gg-α, occurred after divergence from its close relative C 3 plant Tarenaya hassleriana . Integrated multi-omics profiling demonstrates that Gg-α, gene family expansion, recent LTR-RT amplification and more recent species-specific tandem duplication events have all facilitated the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis, revealing uniqueness of C 4 evolution in this lineage. Moreover, high leaf vein density and heat stress resilience are associated with shifted gene expression patterns. Altogether, this mode of C 3 -to-C 4 transition yields new insights into evolutionary convergence of a complex plant trait.