CD36 is a glycoprotein expressed on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, including platelets, monocytes, and hematopoietic progenitors.1 Individuals with hereditary type I CD36 deficiency completely lack CD36 expression, which can lead to the formation of isoantibodies during pregnancy or after transfusion. CD36 isoantibodies can trigger several life-threatening complications, including platelet transfusion refractoriness and fetal/neonatal alloimmune reactions. Additional complications may arise in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) if no compatible CD36-deficient stem cell donor is available. The presence of CD36 on myeloid progenitor cells2 suggests a theoretical risk of graft failure. Due to the scarcity of CD36 deficiency in Caucasians3 and the lack of routine testing, there is a risk of bleeding during thrombocytopenia when CD36– platelet concentrates (PCs) are unavailable. Additionally, CD36 antibodies have been suggested to induce transfusion-related acute lung injury. Very few reports describe CD36-deficient patients receiving a CD36+ allograft,4 with some reports refraining from allo-HSCT due to the potential posttransplant complications.5 We present a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (DEK::NUP214 positive) and type I CD36 deficiency, who developed CD36 isoantibodies due to allogenic platelet transfusions. During induction therapy, the patient developed platelet transfusion refractoriness, and CD36 antibodies were detected on testing. Acquiring CD36– PCs proved impossible in Germany. According to the genetically high-risk status, the 21-y-old patient was scheduled for allo-HSCT from a CD36+ sibling donor. Isoantibodies were depleted by high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins, CD20 antibody therapy, and CD36+ platelet transfusions (see Table 1 for the conditioning regimen and antibody-depleting strategies). The patient received autologous CD36– PCs, which were collected and cryopreserved before the conditioning regimen. The patient was transplanted with a peripheral blood stem cell graft consisting of 6.1 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg and 3.37 × 108 CD3+ cells/kg. Engraftment was completed for leukocytes and platelets 16 and 18 d after allo-HSCT, respectively. Cumulatively, 7 PCs were transfused (see Table 1). No bleeding complications occurred, while platelets and monocytes switched from CD36– to CD36+ with engraftment as analyzed by flow cytometry on day +13. CD36 antibody titers were monitored. Interestingly, titers decreased already during induction and consolidation therapy and became negative during antibody attenuation directly before the conditioning regimen. After transplantation, no CD36 antibodies could be detected. TABLE 1. - Chronologic events Time to transplant Events Day −191 Bone marrow diagnostics: AML with DEK::NUP214 fusion and FLT3-ITD mutation Day −188 Induction I therapy with daunorubicin, cytarabine, and midostaurinComplication: development of platelet transfusion refractoriness Day −161 Bone marrow with blast persistence 15% Day −159 Induction II with daunorubicin, cytarabine, and midostaurin Day −139 Discovery of anti-CD36 antibodies Day −131 Complete remission: blast-free bone marrow, DEK::NUP214/ABL1 8% Day −107 Refrain from further consolidation therapies due to the increased risk of bleeding during thrombocytopenia because of the unavailability of CD36– platelet concentrates Begin therapy with gilteritinib Day −9 Bone marrow: DEK::NUP214/ABL1 0.09%, FLT3-ITD negative qPCR Day −8 Anti-CD20 therapy with rituximab to deplete CD36 antibody production Day −7 to day −3 To reduce the length of thrombocytopenia and facilitate timely engraftment, a reduced intensity conditioning with fludarabine (30 mg/m2 day −7 to day −3, 285 mg cumulatively), carmustine (200 mg/m2 day −6 and day −5, 760 mg cumulatively), and melphalan (140 mg/m2 day −3, 270 mg cumulatively) (FBM regimen) was used From day −5 Immunosuppression with antithymocyte-globulin, cyclosporine A, and mycophenolate mofetil Day −1 Transfusion of 2 CD36+ platelet concentrates to eliminate circulating anti-CD36 antibodies Day −1 First negative result for anti-CD36 antibodies Day 0 Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with 6.1 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg and 3.37 × 108 CD3+ cells/kg Day 6 to day 9 Transfusion of 4 cryoconserved CD36– platelet concentrates Day 11 Transfusion of 1 CD36+ platelet concentrate Day 23 Switch to CD36+ thrombocytes and monocytes as assessed by flow cytometry Day 16 Leukocyte engraftment Day 18 Thrombocyte engraftment From day 19 Regular molecular analytics of MRD and chimerism: always MRD negative and with full donor chimerism Day 578 DEK::NUP214 qPCR negative Day 641 Full donor chimerism (>98%) peripheral blood AML, acute myeloid leukemia; FBM, fludarabine carmustine (Bis-Chlorethyl-Nitroso-Urea) melphalan; FLT3-ITD, tyrosinkinase FLT3 with internal tandem duplication; qPCR, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. No serious complications were observed, especially regarding platelet counts, bleeding events, and engraftment. A pretransplant trephine biopsy showed the complete absence of CD36, whereas the posttransplant histology demonstrated CD36 expression in the regenerating donor hematopoiesis (Figure 1). Nineteen months after allo-HSCT, the patient shows a complete hematopoietic reconstitution with full donor chimerism, minimal residual disease negativity, and no signs of graft-versus-host disease.FIGURE 1.: Histopathological staining for CD36 and Giemsa staining. Paracortical soft tissue (A) and bone marrow (B) of a CD36+ patient with myeloproliferative disease. Sinusoids, endothelial cells, adipocytes, erythropoiesis, and megakaryopoiesis stain positive for CD36. Granulopoietic cells are negative. C, Healthy tonsil tissue stained for CD36. Sinusoids and endothelial cells are stained positive for CD36. Lymphatic cells are negative. D, Bone marrow of our patient with type I CD36 deficiency before and after allo-HSCT stained for CD36 and Giemsa. Before allo-HSCT, the complete absence of CD36 staining can be observed within the bone marrow infiltrated by the AML with remnant megakaryocytes. After allo-HSCT, erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis stain positive for CD36. Sinusoids and adipocytes are negative. Allo-HSCT, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation; AML, acute myeloid leukemia.In conclusion, allo-HSCT of CD36-deficient patients from CD36+ donors is feasible even after prior isoimmunization using diagnostic monitoring to guide proper transplantation management. Nonetheless, the indication for allo-HSCT should be evaluated carefully. CD36– donors for platelet transfusion should be preferred before engraftment. Considering the complex biology of CD36, it is unclear whether a CD36– or CD36+ donor is preferable for long-term transplantation outcomes.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the team of the division for stem cell transplantation, especially those involved in treating the patient: Tjark Martens, Christine Heinen, Cecilia Bozzetti, Anca Maria Albici, and Felix Schön.