Abstract Compared with precast bent caps, high‐performance precast bent caps are shorter and lighter, a well‐designed precast bent cap can improve the construction rate, and guarantee an acceptable shear resistance capacity. Therefore, an ultra‐high‐performance concrete (UHPC) with a thin‐walled hollow bent cap suitable for short and medium spans was designed, and its mechanical performance was studied. Firstly, a UHPC bent cap model with a scale ratio of 1:3 was cast and used in a 4‐point loading test, and its crack propagation pattern, shear resistance capacity, and failure mode of the bent cap were revealed. Then, based on an ABAQUS finite element model verified by the experimental results, the influence of various design parameters on the shear performance of the UHPC bent cap was fully investigated, including longitudinal reinforcement ratio, stirrup ratio, web width, bottom thickness, and the thickness of the top and bottom plates. Finally, a prediction formula of shear bearing capacity suitable for different cross‐section types was developed based on the truss‐arch model. The results indicated that the bridging effect of steel fibers and diaphragm cloud restrained the generation and extension of cracks during the loading process, thus the UHPC bent cap showed good deformability and shear‐resistant capacity. Besides, the shear resistance capacity was improved by the increasing longitudinal reinforcement ratio, stirrup ratio, web width, and the thickness of the top and bottom plates. The accuracy and generalization ability of the established formula was validated by comparing the predicted results with the experimental results derived from this paper and relevant studies. The research can facilitate the application of UHPC and structure lightweight technology in bridge engineering.