Background
The prevalence of obesity has tripled over the last 50 years, with overweight and obese individuals occupying a third of the global population. Western diet is considered a major contributor to the growing rate of obesity, despite current lifestyle trends emphasising the impact of a healthy lifestyle. Obesity is often co-morbid with chronic inflammatory diseases i.e., cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and diabetes, with its macrovascular and microvascular complications including diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is a chronic inflammatory process; however, retinopathy has only recently been linked with obesity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) negatively regulates insulin and leptin signaling. Myeloid-cell specific PTP1B promotes high-fat (HF) diet-associated inflammation in mice, rendering PTP1B an attractive therapeutic target. We are currently assessing the role of myeloid-PTP1B in diet-induced retinopathy using atherosclerosis-prone (ApoE-/-) mice. We created myeloid-PTP1B knockout mice on ApoE-/- background (ApoE-/-/LysMPTP1B-/-), and compared retinopathy development with ApoE-/-, myeloid-PTP1B knockout alone (LysMPTP1B-/-) and PTP1Bfl/fl control mice. Methods
Mice were fed standard chow or HF diet for 30 weeks, prior to measuring body composition, serum analysis, retinal thickness and the activation status of bone marrow (progenitor) and spleen inflammatory cells by flow cytometry. Results
The following observations were made: total serum cholesterol and fasted blood glucose measurements were unaltered after HF-feeding, despite altered body composition and an increase in adiposity. ApoE-/-/LysMPTP1B-/- males had a higher bone marrow CCR2+ population than ApoE-/- males, however this was significantly reduced in the spleen, where regardless of nutritional state, ApoE-/- mice had 3-fold higher CCR2+ splenocytes than ApoE-/-/LysMPTP1B-/- males. Mice deficient of myeloid-PTP1B (ApoE-/-/LysMPTP1B-/- and LysMPTP1B-/-) had increased serum IL-10 compared to mice with sufficient myeloid-PTP1B on healthy and atherogenic background (PTP1Bfl/fl and ApoE-/-, respectively). HF-fed ApoE-/-, ApoE-/-/LysMPTP1B-/- and LysMPTP1B-/- mice had increased retinal thickness compared with chow-fed control mice. PTP1Bfl/fl mice exhibited reduced retinal thickness at the posterior pole after HF-feeding. Conclusions
The data support the concept that overnutrition leads to activation on bone marrow progenitor myeloid cells which populate the peripheral tissues and have the potential to cause tissue damage such as retinopathy. This process is regulated by myeloid-PTP1B via IL-10. We suggest that myeloid-PTP1B inhibition would be beneficial to prevent HF diet-induced disease through regulation of inflammation. Conflict of Interest
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