Cystatin C is an endogenous glomerular filtration marker hence its serum level is affected by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). To study what other factors might affect it blood level we performed a cross-sectional analysis of 3418 patients which included a pooled dataset of clinical trial participants and a clinical population with chronic kidney disease. The serum cystatin C and creatinine levels were related to clinical and biochemical parameters and errors-in-variables models were used to account for errors in GFR measurements. The GFR was measured as the urinary clearance of 125I-iothalamate and 51Cr-EDTA. Cystatin C was determined at a single laboratory while creatinine was standardized to reference methods and these were 2.1+/-1.1 mg/dL and 1.8+/-0.8 mg/L, respectively. After adjustment for GFR, cystatin C was 4.3% lower for every 20 years of age, 9.2% lower for female gender but only 1.9% lower in blacks. Diabetes was associated with 8.5% higher levels of cystatin C and 3.9% lower levels of creatinine. Higher C-reactive protein and white blood cell count and lower serum albumin were associated with higher levels of cystatin C and lower levels of creatinine. Adjustment for age, gender and race had a greater effect on the association of factors with creatinine than cystatin C. Hence, we found that cystatin C is affected by factors other than GFR which should be considered when the GFR is estimated using serum levels of cystatin C. Cystatin C is an endogenous glomerular filtration marker hence its serum level is affected by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). To study what other factors might affect it blood level we performed a cross-sectional analysis of 3418 patients which included a pooled dataset of clinical trial participants and a clinical population with chronic kidney disease. The serum cystatin C and creatinine levels were related to clinical and biochemical parameters and errors-in-variables models were used to account for errors in GFR measurements. The GFR was measured as the urinary clearance of 125I-iothalamate and 51Cr-EDTA. Cystatin C was determined at a single laboratory while creatinine was standardized to reference methods and these were 2.1+/-1.1 mg/dL and 1.8+/-0.8 mg/L, respectively. After adjustment for GFR, cystatin C was 4.3% lower for every 20 years of age, 9.2% lower for female gender but only 1.9% lower in blacks. Diabetes was associated with 8.5% higher levels of cystatin C and 3.9% lower levels of creatinine. Higher C-reactive protein and white blood cell count and lower serum albumin were associated with higher levels of cystatin C and lower levels of creatinine. Adjustment for age, gender and race had a greater effect on the association of factors with creatinine than cystatin C. Hence, we found that cystatin C is affected by factors other than GFR which should be considered when the GFR is estimated using serum levels of cystatin C. Estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are essential to the clinical assessment of kidney function and facilitate the detection, evaluation, and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD).1.Stevens L.A. Coresh J. Greene T. et al.Assessing kidney function—measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate.N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 2473-2483Crossref PubMed Scopus (2161) Google Scholar GFR-estimating equations are based on serum levels of endogenous filtration markers in combination with other variables; however, serum levels of these markers are affected by factors other than GFR. GFR-estimating equations based on serum creatinine, such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation, include the variables age, sex, and race as surrogates for creatinine generation by muscle.2.Levey A.S. Bosch J.P. Lewis J.B. et al.A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group.Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130: 461-470Crossref PubMed Scopus (12277) Google Scholar, 3.Levey A.S. Coresh J. Greene T. et al.Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate.Ann Intern Med. 2006; 145: 247-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (3696) Google Scholar However, these variables do not account for variation in creatinine generation due to diet, physiological, or clinical conditions that affect muscle mass. Consequently, GFR estimates based on serum creatinine may be inaccurate in healthy people with a high or low meat intake, building muscle, and in patients with illnesses complicated by malnutrition, inflammation, or deconditioning. Cystatin C is an endogenous, 13 kDa protein filtered by the glomeruli and reabsorbed and catabolized by epithelial cells of the proximal tubule with only small amounts excreted in the urine. Cystatin C is being considered as a potential replacement for serum creatinine because it appears to be less affected by muscle mass.4.Stevens L.A. Coresh J. Schmid C.H. et al.Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD.Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51: 395-406Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (837) Google Scholar However, recent reports have shown substantial variability in the relationship between GFR and cystatin C among populations, suggesting that there may be differences in generation, tubular reabsorption, or extra-renal elimination.5.Madero M. Sarnak M.J. Stevens L.A. Serum cystatin C as a marker of glomerular filtration rate.Curr Opin Neph Hyper. 2006; 15: 610-616Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar Such differences would affect the interpretation of GFR estimates based on cystatin C. Using a large, pooled database from three research studies and one clinical population, we have previously reported that a GFR-estimating equation based on cystatin C was nearly as accurate as estimates based on creatinine, thus providing an alternative GFR estimate that is not linked to muscle mass. In this study, we examine the association of factors other than GFR to predict serum cystatin C and compare those associations to prediction of creatinine. Because GFR is measured with error, we used multivariable models that adjust for measured GFR and also incorporated estimates of GFR measurement error. These results will better inform us of the utility of cystatin C as an endogenous filtration marker. Table 1 summarizes the study characteristics and Table 2 details the clinical characteristics of participants in each study and overall. Mean measured GFR (5th–95th percentile) was 48 (15–95) ml/min per 1.73 m2 (0.80 (0.25–1.58) ml/s per 1.73 m2). The mean standard deviation (s.d.) of serum cystatin C and creatinine was 1.8 (0.8) mg/l (135 (60) nmol/l) and 2.1 (1.1) mg/100 ml (186 (97) μmol/l), respectively. The mean age was 52 years. All patients were considered to have CKD.Table 1Study characteristicsNameMDRD StudyAASKCSGNephroTestaThe NephroTest initiative is a prospective hospital-based ongoing cohort that began in 2000, enrolling patients with all diagnoses of CKD stage 2–5 referred for extensive work-up by two nephrology departments. Data included in this study were collected between 2000 and 2004. These data are part of the data set presented in Froissart et al.26.TypeRCTRCTRCTCPLocationUSAUSAUSAFranceCenterMCMCMCMCN10851205266438Dates1989–19921995–19981987–19922000–2004Clearance methodUrinaryUrinaryUrinaryUrinaryFiltration markerIothalamateIothalamateIothalamateEDTAAASK, African American Study of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension; CP, clinical population; CSG, Collaborative Study Group: Captopril in Diabetic Nephropathy Study; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. MC, multicenter; MDRD Study, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study; RCT, randomized clinical trial.a The NephroTest initiative is a prospective hospital-based ongoing cohort that began in 2000, enrolling patients with all diagnoses of CKD stage 2–5 referred for extensive work-up by two nephrology departments. Data included in this study were collected between 2000 and 2004. These data are part of the data set presented in Froissart et al.26.Froissart M. Rossert J. Jacquot C. et al.Predictive performance of the modification of diet in renal disease and Cockcroft–Gault equations for estimating renal function.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 763-773Crossref PubMed Scopus (677) Google Scholar. Open table in a new tab Table 2Patient characteristics: overall and by studyOverallMDRDAASKCSGNephroTestaThe NephroTest initiative is a prospective hospital-based ongoing cohort that began in 2000, enrolling patients with all diagnoses of CKD stage 2 to 5 referred for extensive work-up by two nephrology departments. Data included in this study were collected between 2000 and 2004. These data are part of the dataset presented in Froissart et al.26VariableNMean/%IQRNMean/%s.d.NMean/%s.d.NMean/%s.d.NMean/%s.d.Age (years)341853.21910475213164754102873484385915Female341832.104739.1164735.928746.943828.8Black341853.510479.716471002877.74388.5Diabetes341813.910475.71647028710043821.9Hypertension341766.7104734.9164699.728734.643840.0Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)340413928104713218164715023287135.617.2424138.320.0Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)32398819104781101647961428782.910.225978.011.1BMI (kg/m2)341627.771046274164731728625.54.943826.04.6GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2)341844.434104733141647572328774.832.543833.616.8Serum creatinine (mg/100 ml)34181.8110472.341.0916471.710.822861.330.564382.541.22Blood urea nitrogen (mg/100 ml)322425.018104736.314.5164722.611.428725.615.724443.620.4Cystatin C (mg/l)34181.6110472.30.816471.50.72871.40.74382.20.8Hemoglobin (g/100 ml)285613.32101413.01.9155713.31.728613.22.00..Potassium (mEq/l)29684.2110354.30.616474.20.62874.30.50..Bicarbonate (mEq/l)333525.041036234164725328526.13.336825.53.2Glucose (mg/100 ml)296992.02110369326164795182872341250..Calcium (mg/100 ml)29629.1110299.10.516479.20.52879.00.60..Phosphate (mg/100 ml)29743.6110423.90.816473.50.72863.70.70Albumin (g/100 ml)33814.2110474.00.416474.30.42853.70.54034.10.5Total protein (g/100 ml)29807.0510472.10.816477.60.62876.60.70..Total cholesterol (mg/100 ml)2683209.0601041216461642211460..0..C-reactive protein (g/100 ml)29970.4110260.30.516430.40.60..3282.35Hemoglobin A1c (g/100 ml)10325.60.910325.60.90..0..0..Urine creatinine (mg/day)30081458772943140642015561679659247143212622621294418Urine urea nitrogen (g/day)28968.759439.42.915658.73.915411.04.32349.63.2Urine protein (mg/day)275516598694333014501565713532471677.031330..AASK, African American Study of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension; BMI, body mass index; CSG, Collaborative Study Group: Captopril in Diabetic Nephropathy Study; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; MDRD Study, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study; s.d., standard deviation.To convert GFR from ml/min per 1.73 m2 to ml/s per 1.73 m2, multiply by 0.01667; to convert serum creatinine from mg/100 ml to μmol/l, multiply by 88.4; to convert blood urea nitrogen from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.357; to convert cystatin C from mg/l to nmol/l, multiply by 74.9; to convert hemoglobin from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert potassium from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert bicarbonate from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert glucose from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.05551; to convert calcium from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.2495; to convert phosphate from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.3229; to convert albumin from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert total protein from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert total cholesterol from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.02586; to convert C-reactive protein from g/100 ml to nmol/l, multiply by 95,240; to convert hemoglobin A1C from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert urine creatinine from mg/day to g/day, divide by 1000; to convert urine protein from mg/day to g/day, divide by 1000.a The NephroTest initiative is a prospective hospital-based ongoing cohort that began in 2000, enrolling patients with all diagnoses of CKD stage 2 to 5 referred for extensive work-up by two nephrology departments. Data included in this study were collected between 2000 and 2004. These data are part of the dataset presented in Froissart et al.26.Froissart M. Rossert J. Jacquot C. et al.Predictive performance of the modification of diet in renal disease and Cockcroft–Gault equations for estimating renal function.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 763-773Crossref PubMed Scopus (677) Google Scholar Open table in a new tab AASK, African American Study of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension; CP, clinical population; CSG, Collaborative Study Group: Captopril in Diabetic Nephropathy Study; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. MC, multicenter; MDRD Study, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study; RCT, randomized clinical trial. AASK, African American Study of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension; BMI, body mass index; CSG, Collaborative Study Group: Captopril in Diabetic Nephropathy Study; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; MDRD Study, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study; s.d., standard deviation. To convert GFR from ml/min per 1.73 m2 to ml/s per 1.73 m2, multiply by 0.01667; to convert serum creatinine from mg/100 ml to μmol/l, multiply by 88.4; to convert blood urea nitrogen from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.357; to convert cystatin C from mg/l to nmol/l, multiply by 74.9; to convert hemoglobin from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert potassium from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert bicarbonate from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert glucose from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.05551; to convert calcium from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.2495; to convert phosphate from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.3229; to convert albumin from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert total protein from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert total cholesterol from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.02586; to convert C-reactive protein from g/100 ml to nmol/l, multiply by 95,240; to convert hemoglobin A1C from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert urine creatinine from mg/day to g/day, divide by 1000; to convert urine protein from mg/day to g/day, divide by 1000. In separate errors-in-variables models relating either log cystatin C or log serum creatinine to log GFR after adjusting for age, race, sex, and study, the coefficients for log GFR were –67.0% (95% confidence intervals -66.3, -67.7) and -70.5% (-69.8, -71.2), respectively. A coefficient of less than 100% signifies that a percent change in GFR is associated with smaller percent change in the serum levels of cystatin C and creatinine, indicating an association of the serum levels with factors other than GFR. A lower absolute level for the association with GFR of cystatin C than creatinine suggests factors other than GFR are more strongly associated with cystatin C than with creatinine. Tables 3 and 4 show the regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals relating serum cystatin C and creatinine to potential predictor variables, after controlling for GFR and study in models that adjust for measurement error in GFR and after adjustment for age, sex, and race. The coefficient represents the average percent difference in cystatin C or creatinine level for a difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles (the interquartile range, IQR) in the continuous variables (age, body mass index, and blood and urine levels) and for a difference between categories for dichotomous predictor variables (sex, race, and diabetes). The smaller the IQR, the larger the effect of a small change in the variable on serum levels of the markers. Within each column, the coefficients show the relative strength of association among variables.Table 3Percent change in level of cystatin CVariableIQRNot adjustedAdjusted for GFRAdjusted for GFR measurement error (0.015)Adjusted for GFR measurement error (0.015), age, sex, and raceCoeff LHCoeffLHCoeffLHCoeffLHAge*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (years)19.385.52.09.2–3.8–5.2–2.5–4.3–5.7–2.9Female*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable.1–0.7–5.23.9–8.8–10.6–7.0–9.2–11.0–7.4Black1–36.1–38.7–33.4–4.1–6.1–2.0–1.9–4.00.3Diabetes1–14.5–20.3–8.27.33.910.98.55.012.28.04.212.1Hypertension1–23.8–27.2–20.3–1.2–3.20.80.1–2.02.22.6–0.25.5Height*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (cm)14.4–2.1–5.31.24.53.06.04.83.36.3–0.5–2.41.4Weight*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (kg)25.2–7.6–10.2–5.05.44.06.76.04.77.45.23.76.6BMI*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (kg/m2)7.29–7.0–9.3–4.53.62.44.94.22.95.55.23.96.6Systolic blood pressure*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mm Hg)28–2.5–5.10.21.30.02.61.50.22.82.61.24.0Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)19–15.4–17.9–12.80.0–1.31.50.9–0.52.30.4–1.21.9Log serum creatinine*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/100 ml)0.65123.5120.2126.835.031.039.120.415.825.215.914.217.6Log SUN*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/100 ml)0.6995.391.099.714.812.017.57.74.910.56.5–0.113.5Hemoglobin*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/100 ml)2.4–22.3–24.7–19.93.11.64.74.93.36.63.20.55.9Log WBC*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (cells/μl)0.48.04.511.53.31.75.03.11.54.83.01.44.5Sodium (mEq/l)4–1.1–3.61.40.4–0.61.50.5–0.51.60.8–0.82.4Potassium (mEq/l)0.717.113.021.31.3–0.12.80.5–0.92.00.0–1.11.0Bicarbonate (mEq/l)4–26.4–28.0–24.7–2.8–4.0–1.5–1.2–2.50.2–0.9–2.20.5Log glucose (mg/100 ml)0.22–7.0–8.4–5.70.90.11.71.40.62.21.10.31.9Albumin*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/100 ml)0.5–13.3–15.6–10.9–2.5–3.7–1.3–1.9–3.1–0.7–2.2–3.5–0.9Calcium (mg/100 ml)0.6–9.9–12.5–7.20.1–1.01.30.7–0.51.91.20.02.4Phosphate (mg/100 ml)0.832.927.938.11.60.32.9–0.1–1.41.3–0.1–1.41.3Total cholesterol (mg/100 ml)60–0.3–3.52.9–1.5–2.9–0.1–1.6–2.9–0.2–0.4–1.71.0Log CRP*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/100 ml)1.7510.17.013.32.61.34.02.30.93.73.41.94.9Urine creatinine*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/day)0.77–13.8–18.5–8.93.11.64.64.12.45.81.70.43.0Urine phosphate*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/day)0.38–14.6–18.4–10.76.44.18.77.75.410.15.83.48.3Urine urea nitrogen*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/day)4.69–11.6–14.2–9.04.42.95.85.33.96.84.02.55.5Log urine protein*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/day)3.1563.157.069.514.512.117.012.19.714.610.88.313.4BMI, body mass index; Coeff, coefficient; CRP, C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; H, higher confidence limit; IQR, interquartile range; L, lower confidence limit; WBC, white blood cell.Each row shows different models based on the variable. Continuous variables are expressed as interquartile range, which is the difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles. The model in column 1 includes the variable adjusted for study. Column 2 includes the model adjusted for variable, study terms, GFR, and the interaction of GFR and study. Column 3 includes the model adjusted for variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, and the interaction of GFR and study. Column 4 includes the model adjusted for variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, the interaction of GFR and study, age, sex, and race. The coefficient is expressed as 100 × (ecoeff – 1), which can be interpreted as a geometric mean percent change in the filtration marker for a change of two quartiles in the variable.To convert serum creatinine from mg/100ml to mmol/l, multiply by 88.4; to convert SUN mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.357; to convert hemoglobin from g/100ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert WBC from 103/μl to 109/l, multiply by 1; to convert sodium from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert potassium from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert bicarbonate from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert glucose from mg/100ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.05551; to convert albumin from g/100ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert calcium from mg/100ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.2495; to convert phosphate from mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.3229; to convert total cholesterol from mg/100ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.02586l; to convert C-reactive protein from g/100 ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert urine creatinine from mg/day to g/day, divide by 1000; to convert urine phosphate from mg/day to g/day, divide by 1000; to convert urine protein from mg/day to g/day, divide by 1000.* P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. Open table in a new tab Table 4Percent change in serum creatinineVariable (unit)IQRNot adjustedAdjusted for GFRAdjusted for GFR measurement error (0.015)Adjusted for GFR measurement error (0.015), age, sex, and raceCoeffLHCoeffLHCoeffLHCoeffLHAge*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (years)19.380.5–3.24.3–9.0–10.3–7.2–9.2–10.7–7.7Female*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable.1–25–28.6–21.2–31.6–32.8–29.9–31.7–33.1–30.2Black1–28.3–31.5–24.812.58.113.813.610.716.7Diabetes1–24.7–30.0–18.9–4.4–8.3–1.6–3.9–7.3–0.42.0–2.06.2Hypertension1–18.7–22.7–14.57.33.89.27.95.210.70.4–2.33.1Height*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (cm)14.413.49.517.421.619.423.421.819.823.80.5–1.52.5Weight*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (kg)25.2–2.3–5.10.612.610.413.812.911.114.62.71.34.2BMI*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (kg/m2)7.29–7.8–10.3–5.23.31.44.53.52.05.12.51.23.9Systolic blood pressure*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mm Hg)28–3.2–6.0–0.40.8–0.92.30.9–0.72.5–0.8–2.10.6Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)19–10.7–13.5–7.86.94.58.17.25.49.1–1.1–2.70.6Log serum cystatin C(mg/l)0.65151.3146.2156.545.951.066.336.227.745.116.18.724.1Log SUN*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/100 ml)0.69104.199.1109.318.619.426.515.712.119.316.112.819.4Hemoglobin*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/100 ml)2.4–20.3–22.9–17.57.94.98.68.66.710.60.6–1.12.3Log WBC*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (cells/μl)0.41.4–1.94.8–3.1–4.7–1.2–3.2–5.0–1.4–1.8–3.3–0.2Sodium (mg/100 ml)40.8–2.03.62.41.13.62.51.23.70.7–0.41.8Potassium (mEq/l)0.719.414.924.02.81.45.12.50.74.30.9–0.52.3Bicarbonate (mEq/l)4–26.7–28.6–24.8–1.6–4.2–1.0–0.9–2.60.8–0.7–2.10.8Log glucose (mg/100 ml)0.22–8.7–10.0–7.4–0.7–1.7–0.2–0.5–1.30.30.2–0.61.1Albumin*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/100 ml)0.5–6.9–9.5–4.25.63.86.75.94.47.42.31.03.6Calcium (mg/100 ml)0.6–11.9–14.6–9.0–1.7–3.5–0.5–1.5–3.00.0–0.2–1.41.1Phosphate (mg/100 ml)0.83530.140.02.21.64.91.5–0.23.33.21.94.7Total cholesterol (mg/100 ml)60–3.4–6.70.1–4.5–6.2–2.8–4.6–6.3–2.80.4–1.01.8Log CRP*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/100 ml)1.754.31.27.6–3.1–4.4–1.4–3.3–4.8–1.70.4–0.91.8Urine creatinine*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/day)0.77–2.7–5.1–0.318.711.125.319.211.827.17.84.411.3Urine phosphate*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/day)0.38–14.3–18.6–9.811.98.013.912.69.515.75.93.18.7Urine urea nitrogen*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (g/day)4.69–8.1–10.8–5.29.77.410.910.18.411.96.14.57.7Log urine protein*P-value < 0.0001 for the interaction of study × variable in a model that includes variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, age, sex, and race, and interaction of study by GFR and by variable. (mg/day)3.1561.054.467.910.99.615.210.07.212.85.12.77.5BMI, body mass index; Coeff, coefficient; CRP, C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; H, higher confidence limit; IQR, interquartile range; L, lower confidence limit; WBC, white blood cell.Each row shows different models based on the variable. Continuous variables are expressed as interquartile range, which is the difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles. The model in column 1 includes the variable adjusted for study. Column 2 includes the model adjusted for variable, study terms, GFR, and the interaction of GFR and study. Column 3 includes the model adjusted for variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, and the interaction of GFR and study. Column 4 includes the model adjusted for variable, study terms, GFR, GFR measurement error, the interaction of GFR and study, age, sex, and race. The coefficient is expressed as 100 × (ecoeff–1), which can be interpreted as a geometric mean percent change in the filtration marker for a change of two quartiles in the variable.To convert serum creatinine from mg/100ml to μmol/l, multiply by 88.4; to convert SUN mg/100 ml to mmol/l, multiply by 0.357; to convert hemoglobin from g/100ml to g/l, multiply by 10; to convert WBC from 103/μl to 109/l, multiply by 1; to convert sodium from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert potassium from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert bicarbonate from mEq/l to mmol/l, multiply by 1; to convert glucose from mg/100ml to mmol/l, multiply