Abstract Refractory neurological and psychiatric disorders are increasingly treated with brain stimulation therapies using implanted neuromodulation devices. Current commercially available stimulation systems, however, are limited by the need for implantable pulse generators and wired power; the complexity of this architecture creates multiple failure points including lead fractures, migration, and infection. Enabling less invasive approaches could increase access to these therapies. Here we demonstrate the first millimeter-sized leadless brain stimulator in large animal and human subjects. This Digitally programmable Over-brain Therapeutic (or DOT) is approximately 1 cm in width yet can produce sufficient energy to stimulate cortical activity on-demand through the dura. This extreme miniaturization is possible using recently developed magnetoelectric wireless power transfer that allows us to reach power levels required to stimulate the surface of the brain without direct contact to the cortical surface. This externally powered cortical stimulation (XCS) opens the possibility of simple minimally invasive surgical procedures to enable precise, long-lasting, and at-home neuromodulation with tiny implants that never contact the surface of the brain.

Millimeter-sized battery-free epidural cortical stimulators