HpARI is an immunomodulatory protein secreted by the intesYnal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri, which binds and blocks IL-33. Here, we find that the H. polygyrus bakeri genome contains 3 HpARI family members, and that these have different effects on IL-33-dependent responses in vitro and in vivo, with HpARI1+2 suppressing, and HpARI3 amplifying these responses. All HpARIs have sub-nanomolar affinity for mouse IL-33, however HpARI3 does not block IL-33-ST2 interactions. Instead, HpARI3 stabilises IL-33, increasing the half-life of the cytokine and amplifying responses to it in vivo. Together these data show that H. polygyrus bakeri secretes a family of HpARI proteins with both overlapping and distinct functions, comprising a complex immunomodulatory arsenal of host-targeted proteins.

IL-33-binding HpARI family homologues with divergent effects in suppressing or enhancing Type 2 immune responses