Abstract The construction of synthetic cells from lifeless ensembles of molecules is expected to require integration of hundreds of genetically-encoded functions whose collective capacities enable self-reproduction in simple environments. To date the regenerative capacities of various life-essential functions tend to be evaluated on an ad hoc basis, with only a handful of functions tested at once and only successful results typically reported. Here, we develop a framework for systematically evaluating the capacity of a system to remake itself. Using the cell-free Protein synthesis Using Recombinant Elements (PURE) as a model system we apply our framework to evaluate the capacity of PURE, whose composition is completely known, to remake 36 life-essential functions. We find that only 23 of the components can be well tested and that only 19 of the 23 can be remade by the system itself; translation release factors remade by PURE are not fully functional. From both a qualitative and quantitative perspective PURE alone cannot remake PURE. We represent our findings via a standard visual form we call the Pureiodic Table that serves as a tool for tracking which life-essential functions can work together in remaking one another and what functions remain to be remade. We curate and represent all available data to create an expanded Pureiodic Table in support of collective coordination among ongoing but independent synthetic cell building efforts. The history of science and technology teaches us that how we organize ourselves will impact how we organize our cells, and vice versa.

Experimental tests of functional molecular regeneration via a standard framework for coordinating synthetic cell building