Abstract Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) involved in aryl polyene (APE) biosynthesis are supposed to represent the most widespread BGC in the bacterial world. [1–3] Still, only hydrolysis products [4–8] and not the full-length product(s) have been identified, hindering studies on their biosynthesis and natural function. Here, we apply subsequent chromatographic separations to purify the aryl polyene-containing lipids (APELs) from the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus doucetiae . Structure elucidation using a combination of isotope labeling, nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, and tandem mass spectrometry reveals an array of APELs featuring an all- trans C26:5 conjugated fatty acyl and a galactosamine-phosphate-glycerol moiety. In combination with extensive genetic studies, this research broadens the bacterial natural product repertoire and paves the way for future functional characterization of this almost universal microbial compound class. Due to their protective function against reactive oxygen species, [5,9] APELs might be important for virulence or symbiosis, mediating organismic interactions in several ecological niches.

The Chemical Structure of Widespread Microbial Aryl Polyene Lipids