SUMMARY The meninges of the brain are an important component of neuroinflammatory response. Diverse immune cells move from the calvaria marrow into the dura mater via recently discovered skull-meninges connections (SMCs). However, how the calvaria bone marrow is different from the other bones and whether and how it contributes to human diseases remain unknown. Using multi-omics approaches and whole mouse transparency we reveal that bone marrow cells are highly heterogeneous across the mouse body. The calvaria harbors the most distinct molecular signature with hundreds of differentially expressed genes and proteins. Acute brain injury induces skull-specific alterations including increased calvaria cell numbers. Moreover, TSPO-positron-emission-tomography imaging of stroke, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative disease patients demonstrate disease-associated uptake patterns in the human skull, mirroring the underlying brain inflammation. Our study indicates that the calvaria is more than a physical barrier, and its immune cells may present new ways to control brain pathologies. Graphical Abstract Highlights Bone marrow across the mouse body display heterogeneity in their molecular profile Calvaria cells have a distinct profile that is relevant to brain pathologies Brain native proteins are identified in calvaria in pathological states TSPO-PET imaging of the human skull can be a proxy of neuroinflammation in the brain Supplementary Videos can be seen at: http://discotechnologies.org/Calvaria/

Multi-omics and 3D-imaging reveal bone heterogeneity and unique calvaria cells in neuroinflammation