The hippocampus is essential for human memory. Thus, memory deficiencies in infants are often attributed to hippocampal immaturity. However, the functionality of the infant hippocampus has never been tested directly. Here we report that the human hippocampus is indeed active in infancy. We recorded hippocampal activity using fMRI while awake infants aged 3-24 months viewed sequences of objects. Greater activity was observed when the order of the sequence contained regularities that could be learned compared to when the order was random. The involvement of the hippocampus in such statistical learning, with additional recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex, is consistent with findings from adults. These results suggest that the hippocampus supports the important ability of infants to extract the structure of their environment through experience.

Evidence of hippocampal learning in human infants