Environmental pollutants can exert sublethal deleterious effects on animals. These include disruption of cognitive functions underlying crucial behaviours. While agrochemicals have been identified as a major threat to pollinators, other compounds, such as heavy metals that are often found in complex mixtures, have largely been overlooked. Here, we assessed the impact of acute exposure to field-realistic concentrations of lead, copper, arsenic, and their combinations, on honey bee learning and memory. All treatments involving single metals slowed down appetitive learning and disrupted memory retrieval at 24 h. Importantly, combinations of these metals induced additive negative effects on both processes, suggesting common pathways of toxicity. Our results highlight the need to further assess the risks of heavy metal pollution on invertebrates and to their associated ecosystem services. Summary statementHoney bees displayed reduced learning and memory performances following acute exposure to arsenic, copper or lead. Exposure to combinations of these metals induced additive effects.
