Abstract

Delayed onset of antidepressant action is a shortcoming in depression treatment. Ketamine and its metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) have emerged as promising rapidacting antidepressants. However, their mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, we first described the anxious and depression-prone inbred mouse strain, DBA/2J, as a animal model to assess the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and HNK in vivo. To decode the molecular mechanisms mediating HNKs rapid antidepressant effects, a longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome profiling of its acute and sustained effects was conducted using an unbiased, hypothesis-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach. A total of 387 proteins were identified, with a major implication of significantly differentially expressed proteins in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathway, providing evidence for a link between HNK and regulation of the stress hormone system. Mechanistically, we identified HNK to repress GR-mediated transcription and reduce hormonal sensitivity of GR in vitro. In addition, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were predicted to be important upstream regulators of HNK treatment. Our results contribute to precise understanding of the temporal dynamics and molecular targets underlying HNKs rapid antidepressant-like effects, which can be used as a benchmark for improved treatment strategies for depression in future.