Abstract Paenibacillus larvae , the causative agent of the devastating honey-bee disease American Foulbrood, produces the cationic polyketide-peptide hybrid paenilamicin that displays high antibacterial and antifungal activity. Its biosynthetic gene cluster contains a gene coding for the N -acetyltransferase PamZ. We show that PamZ acts as self-resistance factor in P. larvae by deactivation of paenilamicin. Using tandem MS, NMR spectroscopy and synthetic diastereomers, we identified the N-terminal amino group of the agmatinamic acid as the N -acetylation site. These findings highlight the pharmacophore region of paenilamicin, which we very recently identified as a new ribosome inhibitor. Here, we further elucidated the crystal structure of PamZ:acetyl-CoA complex at 1.34 Å resolution. An unusual tandem-domain architecture provides a well-defined substrate-binding groove decorated with negatively-charged residues to specifically attract the cationic paenilamicin. Our results will help to understand the mode of action of paenilamicin and its role in pathogenicity of P. larvae to fight American Foulbrood.

Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Self-Resistance in a Bee Larvae Pathogen