Abstract Microglia, the resident immune cell of the central nervous system (CNS), play a pivotal role in facilitating neurovascular development through mechanisms that are not fully understood. This current work resolves a previously unknown role for microglia in facilitating the developmental pruning of the astrocytic template resulting in a spatially organized retinal superficial vascular bed. Mechanistically, our study identified that local microglial expression of complement (C)3 and C3aR is necessary for the regulation of astrocyte patterning and vascular growth during retinal development. Ablation of retinal microglia and deficiency of C3 or C3aR reduced developmental pruning and clearance of astrocytic bodies leading to increased astrocyte density, altered vascular patterning, and elevated gene expression levels of extracellular matrix proteins involved in vascular growth during retinal development. These data demonstrate that C3/C3aR signaling is an important checkpoint required for the finetuning of vascular density during neuroretinal development.

Complement facilitates developmental microglial pruning of astrocyte and vascular networks