Abstract

The mechanical properties of cells are largely determined by the cytoskeleton, which is a complex network of interconnected biopolymers consisting of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. While disruption of the actin filament and microtubule networks is known to decrease and increase cell-generated forces, respectively, the effect of intermediate filaments on cellular forces is not well understood. Using a combination of theoretical modeling and experiments, we show that disruption of vimentin intermediate filaments can either increase or decrease cell-generated forces, depending on microenvironment stiffness, reconciling seemingly opposite results in the literature. On the one hand, vimentin is involved in the transmission of actomyosin-based tensile forces to the matrix and therefore enhances traction forces. On the other hand, vimentin reinforces microtubules and their stability under compression, thus promoting the role of microtubules in suppressing cellular traction forces. We show that the competition between these two opposing effects of vimentin is regulated by the microenvironment stiffness. For low matrix stiffness, the force-transmitting role of vimentin dominates over their microtubule-reinforcing role and therefore vimentin increases traction forces. At high matrix stiffness, vimentin decreases traction forces as the microtubule-reinforcing role of vimentin becomes more important with increasing matrix stiffness. Our theory reconciles seemingly disparate experimental observations on the role of vimentin in active cellular forces and provides a unified description of stiffness-dependent chemo-mechanical regulation of cell contractility by vimentin. SignificanceVimentin is a marker of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition which takes place during important biological processes including embryogenesis, metastasis, tumorigenesis, fibrosis, and wound healing. While the roles of the actin and microtubule networks in the transmission of cellular forces to the extracellular matrix are known, it is not clear how vimentin intermediate filaments impact cellular forces. Here, we show that vimentin impacts cellular forces in a matrix stiffness-dependent manner. Disruption of vimentin in cells on soft matrices reduces cellular forces, while it increases cellular forces in cells on stiff matrices. Given that cellular forces are central to both physiological and pathological processes, our study has broad implications for understanding the effect of vimentin on cellular forces in different microenvironments.