Abstract Mean-Shift Super Resolution (MSSR) is a principle based on the Mean Shift theory that extends spatial resolution in fluorescence images, beyond the diffraction limit. MSSR works on low- and high-density fluorophore images, is not limited by the architecture of the detector (EM-CCD, sCMOS, or photomultiplier-based laser scanning systems) and is applicable to single images as well as temporal series. The theoretical limit of spatial resolution, based on optimized real-world imaging conditions and analysis of temporal image series, has been measured to be 40 nm. Furthermore, MSSR has denoising capabilities that outperform other analytical super resolution image approaches. Altogether, MSSR is a powerful, flexible, and generic tool for multidimensional and live cell imaging applications.

Nanoscopic resolution within a single imaging frame