ABSTRACT Purpose Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG) is a fatal tumor traditionally treated with radiotherapy (RT) and previously characterized as having a non-inflammatory tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). FLASH is a novel RT technique using ultra-high dose rate, which is associated with decreased toxicity and effective tumor control. However, the effect of FLASH and conventional (CONV) RT on the DMG TIME have not yet been explored. Methods Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry on immune cells isolated from an orthotopic syngeneic murine model of brainstem DMG following the use of FLASH (90Gy/sec) or CONV (2Gy/min) dose-rate RT, and compare to unirradiated tumor (SHAM). Results At day 4 post-RT, FLASH exerts similar effects as CONV in the predominant microglial (MG) population, including the presence of two activated subtypes. However, at day 10 post-RT, we observe a significant increase in type 1 interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR+) in MG in CONV and SHAM compared to FLASH. In the non-resident myeloid clusters of macrophages (MACs) and dendritic cells (DCs), we find increased type 1 interferon (IFN1) pathway enrichment for CONV compared to FLASH and SHAM by scRNA-seq. We observe this trend by flow cytometry at day 4 post-RT in IFNAR+ MACs and DCs, which equalizes by day 10 post-RT. DMG control and murine survival are equivalent between RT dose rates. Conclusion Our work is the first to map CONV and FLASH immune alterations of the DMG TIME with single-cell resolution. While DMG tumor control and survival are similar between CONV and FLASH, we find that changes in immune compartments differ over time. Importantly, while both RT modalities increase IFN1, we find that the timing of this response is cell-type and dose-rate dependent. These temporal differences, particularly in the context of tumor control, warrant further study.

Immune Response following FLASH and Conventional Radiation in Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG)