ABSTRACT Precise pH measurements in the immediate environment of receptors is essential for elucidating the mechanisms through which local pH changes associated with diseased phenotypes manifest into aberrant receptor function. However, current pH sensors lack the molecular specificity required to make these measurements. Herein we present the Litmus-body, our recombinant protein-based pH sensor, which through fusion to an anti-mouse IgG nanobody is capable of molecular targeting to specific proteins on the cell surface. By normalizing a pH-dependent green fluorescent protein to a long-Stokes shift red fluorophore or fluorescent protein, we readily report pH independent of sensor concentration using a single 488-nm excitation. Our Litmus-body showed excellent responsiveness in solution, with a greater than 50-fold change across the physiological regime of pH. The sensor was further validated for use on live cells, shown to be specific to the protein of interest, and was able to successfully recapitulate the numerous pH changes along the endocytic pathway.

Litmus-Body: a Molecularly Targeted Sensor for Cell-Surface pH Measurements