Abstract The protein kinase (PK) superfamily is one of the largest superfamilies in plants and is the core regulator of cellular signaling. Even considering this substantial importance, the kinomes of sugarcane and sorghum have not been profiled. Here we identified and profiled the complete kinomes of the polyploid Saccharum spontaneum (Ssp) and Sorghum bicolor (Sbi), a close diploid relative. The Sbi kinome was composed of 1,210 PKs; for Ssp, we identified 2,919 PKs when disregarding duplications and allelic copies, which were related to 1,345 representative gene models. The Ssp and Sbi PKs were grouped into 20 groups and 120 subfamilies and exhibited high compositional similarities and evolutionary divergences. By utilizing the collinearity between these species, this study offers insights about Sbi and Ssp speciation, PK differentiation and selection. We assessed the PK subfamily expression profiles via RNA-Seq, identifying significant similarities between Sbi and Ssp. Moreover, through coexpression networks, we inferred a core structure of kinase interactions with specific key elements. This study is the first to categorize the allele specificity of a kinome and provides a wide reservoir of molecular and genetic information, enhancing the understanding of the evolutionary history of Sbi and Ssp PKs. Highlight This study describes the catalog of kinase gene family in Saccharum spontaneum and Sorghum bicolor , providing a reservoir of molecular features and expression patterns based on RNA-Seq and co-expression networks.

The sugarcane and sorghum kinomes: insights into evolutionary expansion and diversification